Review Article
Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Circulating Cell-Free DNA Can Be Used as an Adjuvant Tool for Prostate Cancer Screening: A Meta-Analysis
Table 1
Characteristics and quality assessment of diagnostic clinical trials included in the meta-analysis.
| Included studies | Country | Case | Control | Control type | Sample type | Cutoff | Assay methods | Assay indicators | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Score | | Mean age | | Mean age |
| Reis et al. (2015) [10] | America | 34 | 64.9 | 48 | 64.5 | Benign patient | Serum | 188 ng/mL | qRT-PCR | Quantitative analysis | 50.00% | 89.60% | 10 |
| Wroclawski et al. (2013) [11] | Brazil | 133 | 66.8 | 33 | 64.6 | Negative biopsies | Plasma | 140 ng/mL | SA | Quantitative analysis | 66.00% | 88.00% | 8 |
| Feng et al. (2013) [12] | China | 96 | 63.2 | 112 | 60.3 | BPH | Plasma | 10 ng/mL | qRT-PCR | Quantitative analysis | 73.20% | 72.70% | 7 |
| Ellinger et al. (2008) [13] | Germany | 168 | 65.8 | 42 | 68.8 | BPH | Serum | 19.7 ng/mL | qRT-PCR | Quantitative analysis | 87.50% | 64.00% | 9 |
| Altimari et al. (2008) [14] | Italy | 64 | 64.5 | 45 | na | Healthy volunteer | Plasma | 8 ng/mL | qRT-PCR | Quantitative analysis | 80.00% | 82.00% | 9 |
| Papadopoulou et al. (2004) [15] | Greece | 12 | na | 13 | na | Healthy volunteer | Plasma | 10 ng/mL | qRT-PCR | Quantitative analysis | 58.00% | 92.00% | 7 |
| Allen et al. (2004) [16] | England | 15 | 68 | 10 | 67 | Healthy volunteer | Plasma | 1000 GE/mL | qRT-PCR | Quantitative analysis | 85.00% | 73.00% | 8 |
| Reis et al. (2015) [10] | America | 34 | 64.9 | 48 | 64.5 | Benign patient | Serum | 89.6 | Pyrosequencing (quantitative) | Methylation (GADD45a) | 38.20% | 97.90% | 10 |
| Wang et al. (2014) [18] | China | 98 | na | 47 | na | BPH/bladder stone/healthy volunteer | Serum | na | MS-PCR (nonquantitative) | Methylation (CDH13) | 44.70% | 100.00% | 6 |
| Okegawa et al. (2010) [19] | Japan | 76 | 72.2 | 20 | 69.4 | Benign patient | Serum | na | MS-PCR (quantitative) | Methylation (MDR1) | 46.00% | 100.00% | 8 | — | — | — | — | — | | | — | — | Methylation (GSTP1) | 22.00% | 100.00% | — | — | — | — | — | — | | | — | — | Methylation (RASSF1A) | 18.00% | 100.00% | — | — | — | — | — | — | | | — | — | Methylation (APC) | 15.00% | 100.00% | — | — | — | — | — | — | | | — | — | Methylation (PTGS2) | 12.00% | 100.00% | — |
| Sunami et al. (2009) [17] | Canada | 83 | 70.4 | 40 | na | Healthy volunteer | Serum | na | MS-PCR (quantitative) | Methylation (RASSF1) | 24.00% | 100.00% | 10 | — | — | — | — | — | | | — | — | Methylation (GSTP1) | 13.00% | 100.00% | — | — | — | — | — | — | | | — | — | Methylation (RARB2) | 12.00% | 100.00% | — |
| Ellinger et al. (2008) [32] | Germany | 168 | 65.8 | 42 | 68.9 | BPH | Serum | na | qMS-PCR (quantitative) | Methylation (GSTP1) | 42.30% | 92.30% | 10 | — | — | — | — | — | | | — | — | Methylation (TIG1) | 9.50% | 100.00% | — | — | — | — | — | — | | | — | — | Methylation (PTGS2) | 2.40% | 100.00% | — | — | — | — | — | — | | | — | — | Methylation (Reprimo) | 1.20% | 100.00% | — |
| Rouprêt et al. (2008) [21] | France | 22 | 73 | 22 | 62 | BPH | Blood | na | qMS-PCR (quantitative) | Methylation (GSTP1) | 91.00% | 91.00% | 11 | — | — | — | — | — | | | — | — | Methylation (APC) | 91.00% | 91.00% | — | — | — | — | — | — | | | — | — | Methylation (RARβ) | 68.00% | 91.00% | — |
| Altimari et al. (2008) [14] | Italy | 18 | na | 22 | na | Healthy volunteer | Plasma | na | MS-PCR (nonquantitative) | Methylation (GSTP1) | 33.00% | 95.00% | |
| Bryzgunova et al. (2008) [26] | Russia | 5 | na | 5 | na | Healthy volunteer | Plasma | na | BS (quantitative) | Methylation (GSTP1) | 100.00% | 100.00% | |
| Bastian et al. (2008) [20] | Germany | 192 | 58.9 | 35 | 60.1 | Negative biopsies | Serum | na | qMS-PCR (quantitative) | Methylation (MDR1) | 32.00% | 100.00% | 10 |
| Reibenwein et al. (2007) [27] | Austria | 14 | 70 (median) | 49 | na | Healthy volunteer | Serum | na | MS-PCR (nonquantitative) | Methylation (GSTP1) | 21.40% | 100.00% | 12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Methylation (AR) | 40.30% | 73.50% | — |
| Chuang et al. (2007) [28] | Taiwan | 36 | na | 27 | na | BPH | Plasma | na | qMS-PCR (quantitative) | Methylation (GSTP1) | 31.00% | 93.00% | 8 |
| Papadopoulou et al. (2004) [15] | Greece | 12 | na | 9 | na | Healthy volunteer | Plasma | na | MS-PCR (nonquantitative) | Methylation (GSTP1) | 75.00% | 100.00% | 7 |
| Sunami et al. (2009) [17] | America | 85 | 60.2 | 46 | 58.6 | Negative biopsies | Serum | na | qMS-PCR (quantitative) | Methylation (GSTP1) | 12.00% | 100.00% | 10 |
| Jerónimo et al. (2002) [29] | America | 69 | 63 (median) | 31 | 64 (median) | BPH | Serum | na | MS-PCR (nonquantitative) | Methylation (GSTP1) | 36.00% | 100.00% | 9 | — | — | — | — | — | | | — | qMSP (quantitative) | Methylation (GSTP1) | 13.00% | 100.00% | — |
| Goessl et al. (2001) [31] | Germany | 33 | 66 | 26 | 64 | BPH | Plasma/serum | na | MS-PCR (nonquantitative) | Methylation (GSTP1) | 72.00% | 100.00% | 7 |
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BPH = benign prostatic hyperplasia; MS-PCR = methylation-specific PCR; qMS-PCR = quantitative methylation-sensitive PCR; qMSP = quantitative methylation-specific PCR; SA = spectrophotometric assay; GE = genome equivalents, and BS = bisulphite sequencing. 19 patients under therapy were not included. Methylation index.
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