Local and Systemic Immune Responses to Influenza A Virus Infection in Pneumonia and Encephalitis Mouse Models

Table 1

Serum and BALF cytokine/chemokine profiles of patients affected influenza pneumonia among children, adolescents, and young adults.

Study	Virus type	Number of patients		Elevated cytokines and chemokines
		Serum	BALF	Serum	BALF
Arankalle et al.	H1N1 2009	15	15	IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40, TNF-α, IL-10, MIP-1α	IL-12p40 was higher than serum. Remaining items were same levels as serum.
Zuniga et al.	H1N1 2009	42	42	IFN-γ, IL-6, MCP-1	IL-6, MCP-1

BALF: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; IFN: interferon; IL: interleukin; MCP: macrophage chemotactic factor; MIP: macrophage inflammatory protein; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.