Research Article
Validation of a Machine Learning Approach for Venous Thromboembolism Risk Prediction in Oncology
Table 1
Clinical and laboratory attributes of the patient dataset (
).
| | Demographics | | | Age, mean ± SD (range) | 63 ± 12 (18–88) | | Sex | | | Males | 293 (48%) | | Females | 315 (52%) | | BMI, mean ± SD | 25.2 ± 4.4 |
| | Primary tumor | | | Colorectal | 155 (25%) | | Gastric | 28 (5%) | | Esophageal | 10 (2%) | | Pancreatic | 21 (3%) | | Biliary | 4 (1%) | | Lung | | | Non-small cell | 81 (13%) | | Small cell | 15 (3%) | | Breast | 149 (24%) | | Prostate | 31 (5%) | | Ovarian | 16 (3%) | | Genitourinary | 42 (7%) | | Head-neck | 23 (4%) | | Sarcoma | 7 (1%) | | Unknown | 7 (1%) | | Other | 19 (3%) | | Stage of disease | | | Primary | 253 (42%) | | Relapsing/metastatic | 355 (58%) |
| | Anticancer drugs | | | Platinum compounds | 290 (48%) | | Fluoropyrimidine | 213 (35%) | | Anthracycline | 87 (14%) | | Taxanes | 87 (14%) | | Paclitaxel | 58 (10%) | | Bevacizumab | 80 (13.2%) | | Gemcitabine | 68 (11%) | | Irinotecane | 79 (13%) | | Pemetrexed | 38 (6%) | | Herceptin | 36 (6%) | | Antityrosine kinase | 16 (3%) | | Aromatase inhibitors | 60 (10%) | | Supportive drugs, N (%) | | Erythropoiesis stimulating agents | 11 (2%) | | Prophylactic myeloid growth factors | 18 (3%) | | Corticosteroids | 109 (18%) |
| | ECOG-PS, N (%) | | | 0 | 431 (71%) | | 1 | 158 (26%) | | 2 | 19 (3%) |
| | Hematology and biochemical attributes | | | Blood cell counts | | | Red blood cells | 4.5 ± 0.8 | | Hematocrit | 36.6 ± 7.6 | | Hemoglobin | 12.5 ± 1.9 | | White blood cells | 7.7 ± 3.5 | | Neutrophils | 5.2 ± 3.1 | | Lymphocytes | 1.8 ± 1.0 | | Platelets | 261 ± 102 | | Mean platelet volume | 8.6 ± 1.0 | | Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio | 4.0 ± 4.4 | | Platelet-lymphocyte ratio | 185 ± 145 | | Routine blood chemistry | | | Blood urea nitrogen | 38 ± 17 | | Creatinine | 0.9 ± 0.3 | | eGFR | 89.8 ± 28.4 | | Glucose | 110 ± 39 | | Insulin | 28 ± 26 | | HbA1c | 6.0 ± 0.9 | | Total bilirubin | 0.6 ± 0.5 | | Alanine transaminase | 24.0 ± 20.0 | | Aspartate transaminase | 25.4 ± 23.1 | | γ-Glutamyl transferase | 69 ± 143 | | Triglycerides | 139 ± 82 | | Total cholesterol | 197 ± 52 | | High-density lipoproteins | 48.0 ± 14.1 | | Low-density lipoproteins | 123.1 ± 42.1 |
| | Venous thromboembolism | | | Pulmonary embolism | 11 (1.8%) | | Deep venous thrombosis | 32 (5.3%) | | Median time-to-event (months) | 2.5 months |
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BMI: body mass index; ECOG-PS: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status. eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate. Including mesothelioma (), melanoma (), neuroendocrine tumors (), glioblastoma (), small intestine (), liver (), and one skin cancer. 11% neoadjuvant, 32% adjuvant, and 57% metastatic treatments.
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