Differential Associations for Salivary Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Phosphate Levels with Carotid Intima Media Thickness, Heart Rate, and Arterial Stiffness
Table 1
Cohort characteristics stratified according to hypertension.
All
No hypertension
Hypertension
N (%)
241
98 (41%)
143 (59%)
Age (years)
65 ± 10
61 ± 10
69 ± 9
Women
30%
33%
29%
BMI (kg/m2)
26.5 ± 4.0
25.0 ± 3.3
27.6 ± 4.1
Metabolic syndrome
53%
27%
71%∗∗∗
Diabetes
1.7%
0.0%
2.8%
Antihypertensive treatment
54%
0%
91%
CV disease
12%
4%
17%
Cardiovascular phenotypes
PP (mmHg)
55 ± 16
46 ± 12
61 ± 16
HR (min−1)
69 ± 11
68 ± 9
70 ± 11
Carotid IMT (mm)
0.75 ± 0.11
0.69 ± 0.09
0.79 ± 0.11
Carotid plaque (yes)
54%
34%
68%
cfPWV (m/s)
12.9 ± 3.7
11.3 ± 2.7
14.0 ± 3.9
Saliva parameters
Sodium (mM)
15.2 (12.2–19.3)
14.5 (11.5–18.6)
15.4 (12.8–19.4)
Potassium (mM)
31.2 (25.5–36.8)
29.2 (25.1–34.7)
32.4 (26.0–38.5)
Phosphate (mM)
6.61 (5.16–8.99)
6.33 (5.10–8.78)
6.80 (5.24–9.18)
Calcium (mM)
0.31 (0.25–0.40)
0.28 (0.23–0.37)
0.31 (0.26–0.42)
Sodium/potassium ratio
0.48 (0.39–0.58)
0.48 (0.38–0.60)
0.47 (0.39–0.56)
Calcium/phosphate ratio
0.047 (0.032–0.067)
0.046 (0.032–0.063)
0.048 (0.032–0.072)
Plasma parameters
Potassium (mM)
4.2 (4.0–4.5)
4.3 (4.1–4.5)
4.2 (4.0–4.5)
Sodium (mM)
140 (140–142)
141 (140–142)
142 (140–142)
Calcium (mM)
95 (93–97)
94 (92–96)
96 (93–98)
Sodium/potassium ratio
33.5 (31.6–35.0)
33.1 (31.7–34.9)
33.8 (31.2–35.3)
Total cholesterol (g/L)
2.14 (1.93–2.39)
2.15 (1.93–2.39)
2.10 (1.90–2.40)
LDL cholesterol (g/L)
1.45 (1.25–1.65)
1.50 (1.30–1.66)
1.39 (1.20–1.59)
HDL cholesterol (g/L)
0.49 (0.41–0.59)
0.52 (0.44–0.63)
0.47 (0.39–0.57)
Triglycerides (g/L)
0.97 (0.74–1.26)
0.90 (0.72–1.08)
1.08 (0.81–1.55)
Glucose (g/L)
0.99 (0.94–1.06)
0.97 (0.93–1.03)
1.01 (0.95–1.08)
Data are expressed as either mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) for normally and nonnormally distributed data, respectively. Statistically significant differences were determined using either a Student’s t-test (normally distributed data) or Wilcoxon signed-rank test (nonnormally distributed data) for continuous variable. A chi-square test was used for categorical data. ;; vs. no hypertension.
