Amino Acid-Based Metabolic Panel Provides Robust Prognostic Value Additive to B-Natriuretic Peptide and Traditional Risk Factors in Heart Failure
Table 2
Comparisons of plasma amino acid concentrations between normal controls and patients at heart failure stage C (Initiation cohort).
Normal controls
Heart failure stage C
Univariate
Multivariable‡
Amino acid (μM)
VIP score
()
()
Odds ratio (95% CI)
Odds ratio (95% CI)
value
Histidine
2.20
95.2 ± 17.2
74.1 ± 14.7†
0.92 (0.90–0.94)
0.71 (0.64–0.79)
<0.001
Ornithine
2.09
59.7 ± 19.5
101.4 ± 36.5†
1.06 (1.05–1.07)
1.07 (1.04–1.11)
<0.001
Phenylalanine
1.89
57.0 ± 8.5
75.6 ± 18.8†
1.13 (1.10–1.16)
1.48 (1.31–1.68)
<0.001
Aspartate
1.28
4.2 ± 2.6
6.7 ± 8.6†
1.32 (1.23–1.42)
Glutamate
1.24
68.3 ± 68.1
137.7 ± 110.5†
1.01 (1.009–1.02)
Glutamine
1.21
679.6 ± 142.5
569.0 ± 173.8†
0.995 (0.994–0.997)
Tyrosine
0.91
65.4 ± 13.1
76.2 ± 24.6†
1.03 (1.02–1.04)
Isoleucine
0.80
72.1 ± 18.6
81.5 ± 23.0†
1.02 (1.01–1.03)
Citrulline
0.78
47.3 ± 27.9
36.3 ± 25.7†
0.99 (0.979–0.993)
Tryptophan
0.63
42.9 ± 12.4
47.6 ± 14.5†
1.03 (1.01–1.04)
Lysine
0.62
216.9 ± 41.0
234.3 ± 58.1†
1.06 (1.05–1.07)
Serine
0.47
126.2 ± 31.1
118.2 ± 31.6
0.99 (0.98–0.99)
Arginine
0.41
62.5 ± 21.2
57.4 ± 24.4
0.99 (0.97–0.99)
Methionine
0.33
25.3 ± 6.1
23.9 ± 8.5
Proline
0.33
170.9 ± 66.4
182.5 ± 66.9
Asparagine
0.25
49.1 ± 27.9
45.9 ± 21.4
Valine
0.19
243.9 ± 54.5
238.1 ± 58.8
Leucine
0.11
146.9 ± 41.0
144.5 ± 40.9
Alanine
0.10
347.7 ± 112.2
340.8 ± 131.1
Threonine
0.10
116.3 ± 28.6
114.6 ± 33.6
Glycine
0.09
241.4 ± 72.1
245.3 ± 85.2
Data are presented as . VIP: variable importance in the projection. and †, compared to normal controls. ‡Multivariable analysis was performed for the amino acids with VIP by stepwise logistic regression model (forward selection).
