Disease Markers

Research Article

Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 in Sepsis after Major Abdominal Surgery

Table 1

Baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics.


	Nonoperated controls ()	Operated controls ()	Sepsis ()

Demographic and clinical characteristics
Age (years)	60.00 (54.75–72.00)	65.00 (57.75–74.00)	70.00 (60.00–75.50)
Gender (m/f)	23/27	22/28	28/25
ASA (1/2/3/4/5)	0/50/0/0/0	0/50/0/0/0	2/47/4/0/0
Surgery (upper gastrointestinal/colorectal)	NA	9/41	18/35
Disease severity scores
APACHE II	4.00 (2.00–5.25)	7.00 (5.00–7.50)^a	21.50 (16.00–28.00)^b,c
SOFA	0 (0–0)	0 (0–0)	7 (4–10)^b,c
Biomarkers of inflammation
MMP-9 (ng/mL)	895.6 (665.5–1157.9)	663.3 (537.2–726.1)^a	572.9 (391.5–997.8)^b
TIMP-1 (ng/mL)	219.9 (170.6–292.4)	263.0 (153.2–428.0)	558.7 (469.9–875.8)^b,c
MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio	3.88 (3.26–5.93)	2.47 (1.59–3.61)^a	0.94 (0.50–2.27)^b,c
WBC count × 10⁹/L	7.0 (5.5–8.2)	9.1 (6.5–12.1)^a	13.8 (9.0–18.6)^b,c
CRP (mg/L)	—	97.5 (14.8–157.2)	197.8 (148.3–256.1)^c
PCT (μg/L)	—	—	12.96 (3.17–30.47)
Biomarkers of kidney injury
Urea (mmol/L)	4.8 (3.7–5.7)	4.9 (3.6–6.7)	12.9 (8.2–19.7)^b,c
Creatinine (μmol/L)	79.0 (65.0–85.0)	74.0 (56.8–92.0)	133.3 (93.5–203.2)^b,c
Serum NGAL (ng/mL)	87.3 (82.2–95.3)	100.3 (91.2–111.9)^a	169.0 (105.5–200.9)^b,c
Urine NGAL (ng/mL)	14.6 (7.8–68.9)	42.9 (27.2–57.6)^a	107.1 (46.7–204.5)^b,c
Urine KIM-1 (pg/mL)	740.5 (233.5–919.3)	800.0 (730.0–1977.0)^a	790.0 (712.0–1309.7)^b
Biomarkers of liver injury
AST (IU/L)	19 (16–25)	29 (19–111)^a	47 (28–118)^b
ALT (IU/L)	21 (14–34)	31 (19–99)	35 (18–78)^b
Total bilirubin (μmol/L)	9.1 (5.9–18.8)	17.3 (10.1–36.2)^a	16.8 (11.8–46.1)^b
Direct bilirubin (μmol/L)	3.30 (2.05–8.55)	8.85 (5.97–20.05)^a	6.75 (5.40–26.42)^b
Biomarkers of coagulation
Platelets × 10⁹/L	254 (199–291)	198 (177–265)^a	223 (142–316)
INR	1.21 (1.03–1.38)	1.19 (1.05–1.32)	1.41 (1.13–1.96)^b,c
aPTT (s)	35 (28–41)	36 (27–43)	46 (37–59)^b,c
Biomarkers of metabolic disorders
Protein (g/L)	66.9 (61.8–73.0)	56.5 (45.8–62.2)^a	35.1 (28.5–45.9)^b,c
Glucose (mmol/L)	5.6 (5.0–6.1)	6.4 (5.9–8.3)^a	8.2 (5.8–11.1)^b,c
Lactate (mmol/L)	—	—	1.30 (1.00–3.90)

Data are presented as median and 25th–75th percentile values or frequencies. ^aSignificant difference between operated and nonoperated controls, ^bsignificant difference between the sepsis group and nonoperated controls, and ^csignificant difference between the sepsis group and operated controls. Mann–Whitney or chi-square test; is considered statistically significant. ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status; APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score; MMP-9: matrix metalloproteinase-9; TIMP-1: tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1; WBC: white blood cell; CRP: C-reactive protein; PCT: procalcitonin; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; KIM-1: kidney injury molecule-1; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; INR: international normalized ratio; aPTT: activated partial thromboplastin time.