|
Marker | Name | Expression | Comments | References |
|
Novel fecal markers |
HBD | Human defensin β | Epithelial and plasma cells | Peptides acting against microbe infection, correlate with inflammatory processes | [70] |
| β-Glucuronidases | Mucosal cells, bacteria | Marker of inflammation | [72] |
MPO | Myeloperoxidase | Granulocytes | Marker of inflammation; stool expression higher in patients with UC, compared to patients with CD; biomarker for response to treatment in patients with CD and UC | [70, 73] |
M2-PK | Pyruvate kinase | Skeletal muscle, heart, brain, and proliferative tissues | Increases in colorectal carcinoma; in gut, inflammation reflects increased cell turnover; it is postulated that intestinal epithelial cells may be protected against apoptosis by the upregulation of M2-PK in CD; fecal pyruvate kinase has been suggested as a potential new marker for intestinal inflammation in children with IBD and a new predictor for inflammation and severity of pouchitis | [70] |
NGAL | Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin | Ephithelial cells/neutrophilic granulocytes | Contributes to inflammation | [74, 75] |
S100A12 | Calgranulin C | Neutrophils/macrophages, monocytes | May reflect the presence and severity of intestinal inflammation; has a potential role on predicting relapse | [76, 77] |
OPG | Osteoprotegerin | Osteoblasts, B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, bone marrow stromal cells, epithelial cells, and monocytes/macrophages | Useful marker of intestinal inflammatory severity in CD | [70, 79] |
MMP | Matrix metalloproteinases | Regenerative tissues | MMPs are expressed in areas of inflammation and ulceration in the gut, and several MMPs are overexpressed in IBD | [70] |
CHI3L1 | 3-Like chitinase | Macrophages, neutrophils, chondrocytes, and synovial cells | Highly expressed in intraepithelial neoplasia mucosa of UC | [70, 84] |
HMGB | High-mobility nuclear protein | Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells | Correlate with disease severity | [77, 85, 86] |
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid | | Fecal excretion of DNA correlates with clinical disease activity and endoscopic severity in UC | [70] |
MicroRNA | Microribonucleic acid | | Expression patterns have been described in intestinal biopsies collected from IBD patients with a number of specific miRNA reported to be upregulated in both CD and UC | [70] |
Inflammatory markers belonging to extracellular matrix (ECM) components |
sGAGs | Sulfated glycosaminoglycans | ECM components | Remodeling tissue involved in proliferation, migration and adhesion; | [87] |
HA | Hyaluronian | Nonsulfated GAG; ECM component | Elevated HA deposition in the intestine tissue promotes inflammation in IBD | [88–90] |
LN | Laminin | Basement membrane component | LN serum level is higher in CD than in controls and it is associated with disease activity | [91] |
SDC-1 | Syndecan-1 | Transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan | Inflammatory marker; soluble SDC-1 levels are higher in CD patients and may contribute to the assessment of disease activity | [92] |
FN | Fibronectin | ECM component | In several cases of CD, the concentration of fibronectin in the blood plasma was reduced before clinical relapse and returned to the normal range in remission | [93] |
COLVII-Ab | Autoantibodies against type VII collagen | Tissues with high expression of collagen VII, including colonic epithelium | CD and UC demonstrated reactivity to type VII collagen | [94] |
|