Investigating Pathogenic and Hepatocarcinogenic Mechanisms from Normal Liver to HCC by Constructing Genetic and Epigenetic Networks via Big Genetic and Epigenetic Data Mining and Genome-Wide NGS Data Identification

Figure 4

Signaling pathways for investigating cellular mechanisms of progression for pathogenesis from PBC&PSC to HCC. The blue dash-dotted lines and the yellow dotted lines represent the specific edges of the real GENs, including PPINs and GRNs, in PBC&PSC and HCC, respectively; the green solid lines denote the common edges between PBC&PSC and HCC; the red and black symbols indicate specific core members of the real GENs in PBC&PSC and HCC, respectively; and the green symbols are the common core members between PBC&PSC and HCC. In this figure, these core members are padded to complete the relevant signaling pathways for the convenience of analysis. The cytosolic proteins involved in the MAPK and the WNT pathways were highlighted by light-green and light-blue bands, respectively. Dysfunction of metabolism process, apoptosis, and autoimmune via DNA hypermethylation, and dysregulations of miR-21, miR-122, and miR-29a contribute to tumorigenesis from PBC&PSC to HCC. Dysregulation of miR-21, miR-122, and miR-29a contributes to tumor invasion and metastasis in HCC.