Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infections by Urine Flow Cytometry: Adjusted Cut-Off Values in Different Clinical Presentations
Table 4
Established high-sensitivity test with the use of an adapted 95 percent linear discrimination analysis equation (LDA95) and its validation. LDA95 equation: .
Subgroup
LDA95-equat. coefficients
Diagnostic performance using the established cut-offs
Sensitivity (%) (95% CI)
Specificity (%) (95% CI)
LR(+)
LR(-)
Sex
Male ()
-4.6
21.2
89.1 (77.8, 95.9)
76.0 (66.6, 83.8)
3.71
0.14
Female ()
-3.4
18.9
95.9 (88.5, 99.1)
51.4 (39.4, 63.1)
1.97
0.08
Age
>65 ()
-20.4
86.8
89.6 (79.7, 95.7)
70.7 (59.0, 80.6)
3.05
0.15
≤65 ()
-1.6
10.5
95.1 (86.3, 99.0)
63.1 (53.0, 72.4)
2.58
0.08
Dysuria
Yes ()
-1.4
10.4
96.6 (82.2, 99.9)
66.7 (46.0, 83.5)
2.90
0.05
No ()
-4.5
20.8
91.9 (84.7, 96.4)
58.3 (50.0, 66.2)
2.20
0.14
Urinary frequency
Yes ()
-2.3
17.8
100 (83.2, 100)
66.7 (41.0, 86.7)
3.00
—
No ()
-4.2
19.7
90.7 (83.6, 95.5)
62.5 (54.5, 70.0)
2.42
0.15
Fever (>38.0°C)1
Yes ()
-1.3
8.2
94.4 (81.3, 99.3)
68.3 (55.0, 79.7)
2.98
0.08
No ()
-4.9
25.0
92.3 (84.8, 96.9)
66.1 (56.8, 74.6)
2.72
0.12
UTI-specific abdominal pain2
Yes ()
-1.8
14.0
96.9 (83.8, 99.9)
57.7 (36.9, 76.6)
2.29
0.05
No ()
-4.5
20.5
91.7 (84.2, 96.3)
63.8 (55.6, 71.4)
2.53
0.10
Diabetes
Yes ()
-4.2
25.0
79.4 (62.1, 91.3)
80.0 (64.4, 90.9)
3.97
0.26
No ()
-3.0
15.3
94.7 (88.0, 98.3)
61.6 (52.9, 69.7)
2.47
0.09
Renal insufficiency
Yes ()
-2.4
13.0
87.8 (73.8, 95.9)
67.3 (54.3, 95.9)
2.68
0.18
No ()
-3.9
21.0
93.1 (85.6, 97.4)
69.9 (61.0, 77.9)
3.10
0.10
Immunosuppression
Yes ()
-1.0
6.5
97.3 (85.8, 99.9)
64.4 (52.3, 75.3)
2.73
0.04
No ()
-5.9
31.2
91.2 (83.4, 96.1)
67.6 (57.8, 76.4)
2.82
0.13
1One patient in the validation set did not have sufficient data to determine if °C. 2This includes lower abdominal, suprapubic, and flank pain. Abbreviations: CI: confidence interval; LDA: linear discrimination analysis; LR: likelihood ratio; UTI: urinary tract infection.