Disease Markers

Research Article

Amino Acid-Based Metabolic Profile Provides Functional Assessment and Prognostic Value for Heart Failure Outpatients

Table 2

Differences between patients with and in HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF patients.


	HFrEF			HFmrEF			HFpEF
	All			All			All			value^a
										value^a

Age (years)						^#			^#	0.078
Male (%)	303 (75)	101 (64.7)	202 (81.5)^#	120 (71.4)	66 (68)	54 (76.1)	223 (70.1)	149 (67.4)	74 (76.3)	0.322
LVEF (%)			^#							<0.001
Blood pressure (mmHg)
Systolic				^†			^‡			<0.001
Diastolic										0.060
Heart rate (beats/min)										0.602
Comorbidities (%)
Diabetes mellitus	177 (43.8)	61 (39.1)	116 (46.8)	84 (50)	46 (47.4)	38 (53.5)	133 (41.8)	89 (40.3)	44 (45.4)	0.219
Hypertension	250 (61.9)	98 (62.8)	152 (61.3)	122 (72.6)^†	69 (71.1)	53 (74.6)	212 (66.7)	148 (67)	64 (66)	0.043
Atrial fibrillation	68 (16.8)	22 (14.1)	46 (18.5)	45 (26.8)^‡	31 (32)	14 (19.7)	98 (30.8)^‡	61 (27.6)	37 (38.1)	<0.001
COPD	30 (7.4)	13 (8.3)	17 (6.9)	16 (9.5)	6 (6.2)	10 (14.1)	24 (7.5)	9 (4.1)	15 (15.5)^#	0.674
Ischemia	228 (56.4)	87 (55.8)	141 (56.9)	118 (70.2)^‡	64 (66)	54 (76.1)	135 (42.5)^‡	108 (48.9)	27 (27.8)^#	<0.001
Body mass index (kg/m²)						^#	^†			0.023
Medication
ACEI or ARB (%)	367 (90.8)	140 (89.7)	227 (91.5)	149 (88.7)	89 (91.8)	60 (84.5)	303 (95.3)^†	214 (96.8)	89 (91.8)	0.019
β-Blocker (%)	350 (86.6)	134 (85.9)	216 (87.1)	152 (90.5)	92 (94.8)	60 (84.5)	281 (88.4)	198 (89.6)	83 (85.6)	0.422
Diuretic (%)	250 (61.9)	92 (59)	158 (63.7)	80 (47.6)^‡	49 (50.5)	31 (43.7)	175 (55)	107 (48.4)	68 (70.1)^#	0.005
Laboratory data
BNP (log)			^#	^‡		^#	^‡		^#	<0.001
Cholesterol (mg/dl)				^†			^†			0.003
Triglyceride (mg/dl)							^‡			0.002
Serum sodium										0.102
Hemoglobin (g/dl)						^#			^#	0.071
Albumin (g/dl)			^#							0.093
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)										0.416
QRS complex (msec)				^‡			^‡			<0.001
HOP score			^#	^‡		^#	^‡		^#	<0.001
Histidine (μM)			^#			^#	^‡		^#	<0.001
Ornithine (μM)			^#			^#	^‡		^#	0.002
Phenylalanine (μM)			^#			^#	^†		^#	0.034

ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HF: heart failure; HOP: histidine, ornithine, and phenylalanine; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVrEF: , LVmrEF: , LVpEF: . and ^#, compared to patients with . ^† and ^‡, compared to patients with LVrEF. ^aANOVA value to compare LVrEF, LVmrEF, and LVpEF.