Coexpression of Helios in Foxp3⁺ Regulatory T Cells and Its Role in Human Disease

Table 1

Summary of studies that examined the status of Helios in human diseases.

Disease	Change in Foxp3^+Helios^+ Treg frequency vs. control	Sample source	Change in Foxp3^+Helios^+ Treg functionality	Reference no.
SLE	Increase	PB	Lack effector cytokine production	[52]
RA	Increase	Synovial fluid	Lack IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-10 production	[54]
LT	Increase	PB	Not measured	[57]
CLK	Increase	PB	Not measured	[59]
KT	Increase	PB	Stable Foxp3 expression	[60]
HSCT	Increase	PB	Not measured	[61]
Elderly CAP	Decrease	PB	Poorly suppress effector T cell proliferation	[62]
Child HIV	Increase	PB	Not measured	[64]
P. vivax	Decrease	PB	Higher expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1	[65]
POC	Increase	Tumor tissue	Not measured	[66]
BC	Increase	Tumor tissue	High levels of CTLA-4 and PD-1 expression	[67]
CRC	Increase	Tumor tissue	High levels of OX40 and CD39 expression	[69]
NSCLC	No change	PB	Not measured	[70]

Treg = regulatory T cell; SLE = systemic lupus erythematosus; RA = rheumatoid arthritis; PB = peripheral blood; LT = liver transplantation; CLK = liver-kidney transplantation; KT = kidney transplantation; HSCT = allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation; elderly CAP = elderly community-acquired pneumonia; P. vivax = Plasmodium vivax; POC = primary ovarian cancer; BC = breast cancer; CRC = colorectal cancer; NSCLC = non-small-cell lung cancer.