The Association of Long-Term Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Histamine H₂ Receptor Antagonists with Clinical Complications in Patients with Severe Sepsis

Table 4

Difference in causes of mortality between PPIs and H₂ blockers.

Characteristic	Total (%)	PPIs (in ICU) (%)	H2 blockers (in ICU) (%)	value
Respiratory diseases	8677 (4.81)	6577 (4.72)	2100 (4.98)	0.024
Circulatory diseases	7244 (12.23)	1745 (12.99)	5499 (11.36)	<0.001
Endocrine, nutritional, metabolism diseases	3136 (1.76)	2355 (1.66)	781 (1.98)	0.29
Digestive diseases	2533 (1.22)	2187 (1.34)	346 (1.02)	0.455
Neoplasms	18595 (9.34)	14563 (9.01)	4032 (9.58)	0.009
Mental behavior disorders	1344 (1.34)	1021 (1.76)	323 (1.05)	0.015
Infectious and parasitic diseases	1888 (0.93)	1498 (1.02)	390 (0.87)	0.27
Nervous system diseases	2214 (1.21)	1599 (1.11)	615 (1.38)	0.319
Genital and urinary system diseases	1343 (1.87)	1023 (1.98)	320 (1.71)	0.007
Musculoskeletal diseases	258 (0.16)	203 (0.15)	55 (0.18)	<0.001
Skin and cutaneous diseases	96 (0.05)	64 (0.08)	32 (0.03)	0.013
Blood-related diseases	255 (0.09)	201 (0.12)	54 (0.07)	0.19
Congenital diseases	41 (0.01)	31 (0.01)	10 (0.01)	0.014
Ear and mastoid diseases	3 (0.00)	2 (0.00)	1 (0.00)	0.32
Eye diseases	1 (0.00)	1 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	0.029
Nonspecific	15 (0.01)	12 (0.01)	3 (0.01)	<0.001