Urological malignancies represent 33% and 7% of all solid neoplasms in males and females, respectively, and are often associated with deterioration of quality of life and relevant specific cancer mortality. Early diagnosis is key for the successful treatment of these neoplasms. Despite decades of efforts, early diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of urologic malignancies remains challenging. For kidney cancer, diagnosis occurs incidentally in about 70% of cases via ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans performed for other purposes. For prostate and bladder cancer, it relies on invasive diagnostic tools such as prostate biopsy and cystoscopy, respectively.

Recent research progress in the field has shown that these neoplasms recognize genetic alteration induced by intrinsic and/or environmental factors as the first cause of carcinogenesis. Despite recent research developments, the mechanisms that lead to carcinogenesis, progression, and metastasis in the urogenital system are still unclear. The speculative analysis of new molecular pathways would be useful to improve current knowledge of the carcinogenic process and, consequently, to develop new promising target therapies. Moreover, identification of new biomarkers would represent a considerable advance in the management of urological cancer, particularly because molecular assays are usually characterized by higher diagnostic accuracy. Furthermore, biomarkers could also be relevant for monitoring therapies, such as immunotherapies in urogenital cancer.

This special issue aims to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of the rapidly expanding field of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for urological malignancies. Submissions concerning emerging biomarkers able to improve the knowledge about pathway of urologic cancers are also welcomed, together with articles regarding biomarkers for monitoring urogenital cancer therapies. Both original research and review articles that describe the state of the art of these topics are encouraged.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Emerging biomarkers in urologic malignancies
• Biomarkers and pathways of urologic cancerogenesis
• Diagnostic and prognostic markers in prostate cancer
• Diagnostic and prognostic markers in bladder cancer
• Diagnostic and prognostic markers in kidney cancer
• Diagnostic and prognostic markers in upper urinary tract urothelial cell carcinoma
• Diagnostic and prognostic markers in testicular cancer
• Potentially actionable targets in molecular urologic oncology: preclinical evidence
• Biomarkers and immunotherapy in urogenital cancer