Nonsegmental Vitiligo and Autoimmune Mechanism

Table 1

Genes associated with nonsegmental vitiligo.

Gene	Function	Involved in other autoimmune diseases	Reference
(1) Autoantigen
TYR	Production of melanin granules in melanosomes
(2) Innate immunity
NALP1	Inflammasome activation and release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18	T1D, AD, CeD	[13–20]
PTEN22	A lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family controlling the signal from antigen receptors, costimulatory receptors, and cytokine receptors	GD, AA, RA, SLE, T1D, AD	[21–30]
(3) Adaptive immunity
MHC	Major histocompatibility complex class I and II proteins being indispensable for antigen presentation	AT, AA, RA, SLE, T1D, PS	[31–43]
FOXP3	A functional marker for naturally occurring, thymus-selected CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells	AT, T1D	[44–54]
IL2RA(CD25)	T-cell proliferation and a functional marker for naturally occurring, thymus-selected CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells	GD, AA, RA, SLE, T1D, PS, PS,	[35, 51, 55–65]
CCR6	The CCR6/CCL20 chemokine receptor/ligand axis providing key homing signals recruiting both proinflammatory and suppressive T cell subsets	GD, RA	[55, 66–69]
TSLP	Induction of allogeneic naive T cells to differentiate into cytotoxic T cells, and induction of the proliferation and differentiation of CD4+CD8-CD25-thymocytes into CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cell		[70–72]
(4) Innate and adaptive immunity
GZMB	(1) A family of conserved serine proteases stored within the cytotoxic granules of cytotoxic lymphocytes		[73, 74]
	(2) The formation of blebs containing various subcellular compartments on the surface of apoptotic cells
	(3) Supply of these peptides for autoimmune response
XBP1	Protective roles against oxidative stress, and unfolded protein response of a stress response to increased levels of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum		[75–80]
(5) Other function and miscellaneous
LPP	Involvement of cell-cell adhesion and cell motility	RA, T1D, CeD	[81–84]
UBASH3A	Involvement of growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis in T cells	RA, T1D, CeD	[85–89]
C1QTNF6	Unknown	RA, T1D, CeD	[90, 91]
FOXP1	A role in cardiac, lung, and lymphocyte development, and tumor-suppressive function

AA: alopecia areata, AD: Addison’s disease, AT: autoimmune thyroiditis, CeD: celiac disease, GD: Graves’ disease, IL: interleukin, PS: psoriasis, PA: psoriatic arthritis, RA: rheumatoid arthritis, SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus, and T1D: type 1 diabetes.