Depressive and Aggressive Responses to Frustration: Development of a Questionnaire and Its Validation in a Sample of Male Alcoholics
Table 1
Gender differences in the subscales of the QDF (means, SD, SEM, and significance of differences ).
Scales
Mean
SD
SEM
Scales
Mean
SD
SEM
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
posNH1
2.57
3.46
2.32
2.71
0.56
0.47
negNH1
3.27
4.65
2.28
2.82
0.55
0.49
posNH2
6.80
6.34
2.16
1.87
0.52
0.33
negNH2
7.08
7.00
2.31
1.89
0.56
0.33
posNH3
4.15
4.68
2.11
2.35
0.51
0.41
negNH3
5.37
6.46
2.19
2.28
0.53
0.40
posNH4
4.71
4.17
1.66
1.69
0.40
0.29
negNH4
4.23
3.19
1.97
1.85
0.48
0.32
posNH5
2.14
1.95
1.23
1.23
0.30
0.21
negNH5
4.51
4.69
1.20
1.96
0.29
0.34
posNH6
4.38
4.53
1.88
1.87
0.46
0.33
negNH6
2.32
2.45
1.23
1.88
0.30
0.33
posh+1
1.91
3.00
2.07
2.67
0.50
0.46
negh+1
2.43
3.09
1.98
2.54
0.48
0.44
posh+2
7.07
7.40
1.98
1.55
0.48
0.27
negh+2
6.53
6.75
2.16
1.80
0.52
0.31
posh+3
1.94
2.69
1.66
1.89
0.40
0.33
negh+3
3.24
3.82
2.02
2.23
0.49
0.39
posh+4
6.06
5.37
1.96
1.59
0.47
0.28
negh+4
4.75
4.28
1.77
1.64
0.43
0.29
posh+5
1.13
0.94
1.23
1.22
0.30
0.21
negh+5
3.16
3.35
1.14
1.66
0.28
0.29
posh+6
2.09
2.02
1.65
1.57
0.40
0.27
negh+6
4.50
4.67
2.08
1.82
0.51
0.32
posh++1
1.82
2.54
1.61
2.14
0.39
0.37
negh++1
1.47
2.37
1.67
2.25
0.40
0.39
posh++2
6.69
6.80
1.80
1.70
0.44
0.30
negh++2
6.24
5.89
2.58
2.19
0.63
0.38
posh++3
2.38
3.48
1.25
1.74
0.30
0.30
*
negh++3
5.53
5.80
2.18
2.37
0.53
0.41
posh++4
4.97
3.77
1.90
1.76
0.46
0.31
*
negh++4
2.07
1.99
1.45
1.49
0.35
0.26
posh++5
3.63
3.55
1.46
1.72
0.35
0.30
negh++5
2.28
2.87
1.59
1.93
0.39
0.34
posh++6
4.10
4.48
2.05
1.50
0.50
0.26
negh++6
7.41
7.43
1.62
1.48
0.39
0.26
*
; pos/neg = withdrawal of positive/application of negative reinforcers; NH/H = nonhuman/human sources of frustration, h+/h++ unintentional/deliberate frustration by humans; numbers 1–6 see reactions 1–6 to QDF scales.
