Research Article

Bipolar Disorder and the TCI: Higher Self-Transcendence in Bipolar Disorder Compared to Major Depression

Table 1

TCI scales by compared diagnostic group.

Bipolar I
( )
Bipolar II
( )
Major depressive disorder
( )
Unaffected relatives
( )
-statistic valuePost hoc analysis
(Tukey)
MeanSDMeanSDMeanSDMeanSD

Novelty-seeking18.786.6620.306.0917.988.4717.375.732.28.085
Harm-avoidance18.788.5717.128.5215.986.8411.916.3811.79<.001BP 1, BP 2, MDD > unaffected
Reward-dependence23.376.4022.615.4923.307.1322.435.740.42.742
Persistence22.7510.5026.5811.0424.3713.3426.068.651.84.146
Self-directedness31.138.5130.5210.9135.0810.8237.346.1110.26<.001MDD, unaffected > BP 1, BP 2
Cooperativeness33.886.8934.336.3635.874.2235.575.921.94.131
Self-transcendence22.4312.3018.799.4517.5411.1515.3910.994.04.01BP 1 > MDD, unaffected

Subscales
HA1 (anticipatory worry versus uninhibited optimism)5.002.905.183.084.232.383.032.308.87<.001BP 1, BP 2, MDD > unaffected
HA1 (fear of uncertainty versus confidence)4.731.643.821.984.261.823.551.796.25.001BP 1, MDD > unaffected
HA3 (shyness with strangers versus gregariousness)4.132.753.972.863.972.613.142.252.43.071
HA4 (fatigability and asthenia versus vigour)4.923.024.152.943.532.322.181.9417.94<.001BP 1, BP 2, MDD > unaffected BP 1 > MDD
SD1 (responsibility versus blaming)5.922.165.552.666.651.666.931.544.99.003unaffected > BP 1, BP 2; MDD > BP 1
SD2 (purposefulness versus lack-of-goal direction)5.252.115.152.096.051.816.301.595.45.002Unaffected > BP 1, BP 2; MDD > BP 1
SD3 (resourcefulness)3.101.703.451.543.861.224.430.9414.05<.001Unaffected > BP 1, BP 2, MDD; MDD > BP 1
SD4 (self-acceptance versus self-striving)7.972.657.483.288.622.479.062.133.78.014Unaffected > BP 1, BP 2
SD5 (congruent second nature)8.902.928.883.309.911.9310.631.767.59<.001Unaffected > BP 1, BP 2
ST1 (self-forgetfulness versus self-conscious experience)4.052.463.882.622.962.382.111.7210.63<.001BP 1 > MDD, unaffected; BP 2 > unaffected
ST2 (transpersonal identification versus self-isolation)2.382.111.792.091.731.811.541.591.82.15
ST3 (spiritual acceptance versus rational materialism)5.873.575.062.834.493.304.282.823.31.024BP 1 > MDD, unaffected
ST4 (enlightened versus Objective)4.954.074.063.474.234.373.564.151.29.285
ST5 (idealistic versus practical)5.182.454.002.444.122.623.902.812.84.043BP 1 > MDD, unaffected

Beck depression inventory10.909.839.799.486.918.642.993.6813.82<.001BP 1 > MDD, unaffected; BP 2, MDD > unaffected