Research Article
Temperament, Character, and Adolescents' Depressive Symptoms: Focusing on Affect
Table 1
Temperament and character description (reproduced with permission of C. R. Cloninger).
| Temperament and character descriptors |
| Temperament | High scores | Low scores | Harm avoidance | Worrying and pessimistic; | Relaxed and optimistic; | fearful and doubtful; | bold and confident; | shy; | outgoing; | fatigable. | vigorous. | Novelty seeking | Exploratory and curious; | Indifferent; | impulsive; | reflective; | extravagant and enthusiastic; | frugal and detached; | disorderly. | orderly and regimented. | Reward dependance | Sentimental and warm; | Practical and cold; | dedicated and attached; | withdraw and detached; | dependent. | independent. | Persistence | Industrious and diligent; | Inactive and indolent; | hard working; | gives up easily; | ambitious and overachiever; | modest and underachiever; | perseverant and perfectionist. | quitting and pragmatist. | Character | | | Self-directedness | Mature and strong; | Immature and fragile; | responsible and reliable; | blaming and unreliable; | purposeful; | purposeless; | resourceful and effective; | inert and ineffective; | self-accepted; | self-striving; | habits congruent with long-term goals. | habits incongruent with long-term goals. | Cooperativeness | Socially tolerant; | Socially intolerant; | empathic; | critical; | helpful; | unhelpful; | compassionate and constructive; | revengeful and destructive; | ethical and principled. | opportunistic. | Self-transcendence | Wise and patient; | Impatient; | creative and self-forgetful; | unimaginative and self-conscious; | united with the universe. | pride and lack of humility. |
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