Migraine and Despair: Factors Associated with Depression and Suicidal Ideation among Canadian Migraineurs in a Population-Based Study

Table 1

Gender-specific odds of depression for those with migraine versus those without.

Variables	Women (𝑛 = 36,176)						Men (𝑛 = 30,544)
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Has migraine headaches
No	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
Yes	2.17	(1.97, 2.40)	2.17	(1.96, 2.40)	1.89	(1.71, 2.10)	2.49	(2.10, 2.95)	2.46	(2.07, 2.91)	2.02	(1.70, 2.41)
Demographics
Age
<30	4.07	(3.31, 5.01)	4.29	(3.46, 5.31)	6.86	(5.50, 8.57)	2.82	(2.10, 3.79)	2.25	(1.65, 3.07)	3.83	(2.79, 5.25)
30–49	3.46	(2.82, 4.26)	4.63	(3.73, 5.74)	6.67	(5.35, 8.31)	3.80	(2.85, 5.06)	4.32	(3.22, 5.80)	6.27	(4.65, 8.45)
50–64	2.71	(2.18, 3.37)	3.50	(2.80, 4.37)	4.34	(3.47, 5.44)	2.39	(1.76, 3.24)	2.75	(2.02, 3.74)	3.28	(2.41, 4.48)
65+	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
Race
White	1.10	(0.96, 1.25)	1.14	(1.00, 1.29)	1.12	(0.99, 1.28)	1.25	(1.04, 1.49)	1.32	(1.11, 1.58)	1.24	(1.03, 1.49)
Visible minority	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
Adult SES and Marital Status
Household income
Missing			0.84	(0.73, 0.97)	0.82	(0.72, 0.95)			0.94	(0.78, 1.15)	0.92	(0.75, 1.12)
0–29,999			1.56	(1.39, 1.74)	1.38	(1.23, 1.54)			1.85	(1.60, 2.15)	1.61	(1.38, 1.87)
30,000 or more			1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent			1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
Education
≤High school degree			0.96	(0.87, 1.05)	0.93	(0.84, 1.02)			0.88	(0.78, 1.00)	0.82	(0.72, 0.93)
Postsecondary degree			1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent			1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
Marital status
Not married			1.73	(1.57, 1.91)	1.68	(1.52, 1.86)			2.10	(1.84, 2.40)	2.08	(1.82, 2.38)
Married			1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent			1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
Disability
Has difficulty with activities
Sometimes					2.11	(1.87, 2.38)					2.80	(2.41, 3.26)
Often					3.14	(2.75, 3.58)					3.58	(3.04, 4.23)
Never					1.00	Referent			1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
ADL
No					1.00	Referent			1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
Yes					2.02	(1.55, 2.64)					2.29	(1.65, 3.20)

ADL = Activities of daily living.