Does Duloxetine Improve Cognitive Function Independently of Its Antidepressant Effect in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder and Subjective Reports of Cognitive Dysfunction?

Table 3

Performance on cognitive outcome measures before and after duloxetine treatment.

Task	Outcome measure	Pretreatment			Posttreatment			ES
		Mean (SD)	𝑧-score; mean	𝑧-score; (SD)	Mean (SD)	𝑧-score; mean	𝑧-score; (SD)
BLC	Mean correct latency	726.1 (135.2)	0.07	1.12	684.7 (123.3)	0.38	1.06
	Mean percent correct^a	99.9 (0.6)	−0.19	1.51	100.0 (0.0)	0.16	0
RTI	Five-choice movement time	480.7 (108.3)			432.4 (91.5)			0.48
	Five-choice reaction time	415.6 (121.4)			378.1 (52.3)
DMS	Percent correct (all delays)	83.2 (9.8)			94.3 (6.4)			−1.37
	Percent correct (simultaneous)^a	98.1 (6.0)			97.1 (7.2)
	Mean correct latency (all delays)	3656.2 (1058.4)			2958.8 (727.0)			0.78
	Mean correct latency (simultaneous)	2926.9 (941.3)			2672.4 (573.3)
PAL	Mean trials to success	1.6 (0.5)			1.6 (0.7)
	Total errors (adjusted)	10.4 (10.0)			6.9 (8.0)
	Total trials (adjusted)	8.0 (2.4)			7.8 (2.8)
PRM	Percent correct	90.3 (13.3)			91.07 (11.9)
	Mean correct latency	1942.4 (514.8)			1730.4 (359.8)			0.48
IED	Stages completed^a	8.1 (1.9)			8.7 (0.6)
	Pre-ED errors	9.6 (9.2)			7.5 (3.1)
	EDS errors	6.4 (8.5)			7.3 (8.5)
SWM	Strategy	34.8 (5.3)	−0.76	0.93	33.4 (5.5)	−0.52	0.95
	Between errors 4 boxes	1.3 (2.4)	−0.43	1.45	0.8 (1.2)	−0.42	1.49
	Between errors 6 boxes	6.9 (7.9)	−0.46	1.17	4.9 (5.2)	−0.09	0.82
	Between errors 8 boxes	21.6 (13.5)	−0.48	1.04	17.2 (11.8)	−0.48	1.04
SOC	Problems solved in minimum moves	8.5 (2.1)			9.2 (2.0)
	Mean initial thinking time 2 moves	2445.6 (1732.3)	−0.28	1.46	2979.0 (2981.9)	−0.33	1.88
	Mean initial thinking time 3 moves	6241.2 (4245.1)	−0.03	1.14	5181.1 (2600.0)	0.28	0.56
	Mean initial thinking time 4 moves	6906.5 (3849.4)	0.46	0.75	8513.3 (6505.3)	0.26	1.17
	Mean initial thinking time 5 moves	9283.5 (6218.4)	0.45	0.75	9072.6 (5555.2)	0.48	0.65
	Mean subsequent thinking time 2 moves^a	444.1 (314.2)	−0.24	0.34	370.7 (225.2)	−0.01	0.51
	Mean subsequent thinking time 3 moves^a	4826.6 (6091.8)	−6.99	7.02	716.4 (817.0)	−0.06	0.75
	Mean subsequent thinking time 4 moves^a	3185.8 (3656.9)	−0.74	1.63	1001.8 (866.8)	0.38	0.41
	Mean subsequent thinking time 5 moves^a	2932.8 (3270.5)	−0.82	1.53	1209.4 (1668.0)	−0.17	1.6
AGN	Mean correct latency	557.3 (65.6)			543.0 (51.8)
	Total omissions	22.0 (14.0)			14.5 (9.1)			0.65
	Total commissions^b	24.3 (15.4)			19.5 (9.1)
VRM^c	Immediate free recall total correct	6.2  (1.7)			7.2 (2.0)			−0.54
	Immediate free recall total novel words^a,b,c	0.3 (0.6)			0.0 (0.0)
	Immediate free recall total perseverations^a,c	0.2 (0.9)			0.1 (0.4)
	Immediate recognition total correct^b	22.7 (2.3)			23.7 (0.5)
	Immediate recognition total false positives^a,c	0.4 (1.1)			0.1 (0.2)
	Delayed recognition total correct	22.3 (2.6)			23.0 (1.5)
	Delayed recognition total false positives^a,c	0.7 (1.0)			0.7 (1.1)

Measures of time and latency are reported in milliseconds. Note that parallel forms were used when available. Normed scores (𝑧-scores) are calculated for clinical mode tests (BLC, SOC, and SWM) and are presented when available.
%: percent change from pretreatment to posttreatment (note percent differences that were significant at 𝑃<.05 are bolded; 𝑡 values and significance values reported within the text); SD: standard deviation; EDS: extradimensional shift; ES: effect size (Cohen’s 𝑑); BLC: big circle/little circle; RTI: reaction time; DMS: delayed matching to sample; PAL: paired associates learning; PRM: pattern recognition memory; IED: intradimensional/extradimensional shift; SWM: spatial working memory; SOC: stockings of cambridge; AGN: affective go/no-go; VRM: verbal recognition memory.
^aNot included in MANOVAs for their respective domains due to lack of variation in measures (BLC, DMS, IED, and VRM measures) or inability to obtain a measure for the item in the majority of cases (SOC mean subsequent thinking time measures). Note these SOC measures showed changes in the expected direction, indicating at least numerical improvement for those who had a nonzero value for the measure (i.e., their movement time was less than their thinking time).
^bApproached significance (𝑃=.06).
^cNote that percent change was not calculated for the verbal recognition memory tasks of immediate free recall total novel words, immediate free recall total perseverations, immediate recognition total false positives, and delayed recognition total false positives due to the limited number of values other than 0.