Examination and Comparison of Cognitive and Executive Functions in Clinically Stable Schizophrenia Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, and Major Depressive Disorder
Table 2
Results of the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) in cognitive and executive function scales.
Variable
SC
BD
MDD
HC
SD
SD
SD
SD
Games-Howell
Cognitive scales
SGIT
22.00
5.00
21.00
6.00
31.02
2.05
33.00
3.09
119.00
HC > SC&BD&MDD, MDD > SC&BD, BD < SC
TMT a
47.00
19.00
49.00
22.00
54.00
17.00
28.00
8.00
29.00
HC < SC&BD&MDD, MDD < SC&BD, SC < BD
TMT b
90.00
40.40
106.00
48.00
112.00
45.00
55.00
21.00
32.03
HC < SC&BD&MDD, MDD < SC&BD, SC < BD
Ruler
15.00
3.00
20.00
3.00
23.00
3.03
14.00
3.00
39.00
HC < SC&BD&MDD, MDD < SC&BD, SC < BD
RT time
1231.00
780.00
1413.00
320.00
1567.00
430.00
1132.00
245.00
7.00
0.001
HC < SC&BD&MDD, MDD < SC&BD, SC < BD
RT accuracy
68.00
32.00
91.00
5.00
93.00
4.00
96.00
3.00
42.00
HC > SC&BD&MDD, MDD > SC&BD, BD > SC
Executive scales
TOL
20.00
7.00
12.00
6.00
31.00
5.00
37.00
11.00
121.00
HC > SC&BD&MDD, MDD > SC&BD, SC > BD
WCST
Correct
70.00
21.00
49.00
12.02
72.00
17.00
75.00
18.00
36.00
HC > SC&BD&MDD, MDD > SC&BD, SC > BD
E-Per
9.00
6.00
40.00
14.00
8.00
4.00
29.00
13.00
58.00
BD > HC&MMD&SC, HC > SC&MDD, SC > MDD
E-N-Per
49.00
25.00
39.00
12.00
48.00
24.00
24.00
10.00
40.00
SC&MDD > BD&HC, BD > HC
. SGIT: general intelligence; TMT a: Trial Making Test (a form); TMT b: Trial Making Test (b form); Ruler: reaction time; RT time: reaction time (time item); RT accuracy: reaction time (correct responses); WCST: Wisconsin Card Sorting Task; Correct: correct responses from WCST; E-Per: perseverative errors from WCST; E-N-Per: nonperseverative errors from WCST.
