Factors Associated with Postnatal Depression among Mothers Attending at Bharatpur Hospital, Chitwan

Table 2

Factors associated with postnatal depression ().

Characteristics	Postnatal depression
	Unadjusted	Adjusted
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Participant’s characteristics
Current age
<25 years	Ref.	Ref.
≥25 years	2.17 (1.10–4.27)	2.56 (1.06-6.18)
Ethnicity
Privileged	Ref.	Ref.
Underprivileged	0.80 (0.40–1.60)	0.77 (0.29–2.02)
Educational status
>Secondary education	Ref.	Ref.
≤Secondary education	1.10 (0.55–2.20)	0.95 (0.37–2.45)
Occupation
Housewife	Ref.	Ref.
Working outside house	1.39 (0.64–2.99)	1.29 (0.53–3.11)
Smoking
No	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	4.51 (1.31–15.58)	5.02 (1.17–21.51)
Family-related characteristics
Family type
Joint/extended	Ref.	Ref.
Nuclear	1.76 (0.84–3.69)	1.72 (0.72–4.13)
Economic status
Rich	Ref.	Ref.
Middle class/poor	0.75 (0.38–1.48)	0.78 (0.33–1.87)
Family support
Yes	Ref.	Ref.
No	2.61 (0.75–9.11)	3.31 (0.77–14.23)
Pressure to conceive a child
No	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	2.86 (1.18–6.92)	2.43 (0.87–6.79)
Obstetrics-related characteristics
ANC service utilization
≥4 visits	Ref.	Ref.
0 or<4 visits	1.45 (0.58–3.62)	1.22 (0.43–3.48)
Intent of pregnancy
Intended	Ref.	Ref.
Unintended	2.40 (1.16–4.95)	2.62 (1.10–6.25)
Pregnancy-related complications
No	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	2.18 (0.98–4.82)	1.59 (0.62–4.09)
Parity
Prim parity	Ref.	Ref.
Multiparty	1.08 (0.54–2.14)	0.82 (0.31–2.14)
Delivery-related complications
No	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	2.19 (1.11–4.33)	2.43 (1.10–5.36)
Mode of feeding
Exclusive feeding	Ref.	Ref.
Mixed/formula	0.77 (0.39–1.51)	0.60 (0.28–1.30)

. All other statistics are not significant at ; model adjusted for all covariates.