Abstract
Background. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role and impact of EUS in the management of critically ill patients. Methods. We retrospectively identified all patients at our institution over a 68-month period in whom bedside inpatient EUS was performed. EUS was considered to have a significant impact if a new diagnosis was established and/or the findings altered subsequent clinical management. Results. Fifteen patients (9 male; mean age years) underwent bedside EUS without complications. EUS-FNA (median 4 passes; range 2–7) performed in 12 (80%) demonstrated a malignant mediastinal mass/lymph node (5), pancreatic abscess (1), excluded a pelvic abscess (1), established enlarged gastric folds as benign (1) and excluded malignancy in enlarged mediastinal (1) and porta hepatis adenopathy (1). In two patients, EUS-FNA failed to diagnose mediastinal histoplasmosis (1) and a hemorrhagic pancreatic pseudocyst (1). In three diagnostic exams without FNA, EUS correctly excluded choledocholithaisis () and cholangiocarcinoma (1), and found gastric varices successfully thrombosed after previous cyanoacrylate injection (1). EUS was considered to have an impact in 13/15 (87%) patients. Conclusions. In this series, bedside EUS in critically ill patients was technically feasible, safe and had a major impact on the majority of patients.
1. Introduction
Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is an established modality for the diagnosis of esophagogastric, mediastinal, pancreatobiliary, and pelvic lesions. However, it is mainly used for elective procedures in outpatients and occasionally inpatients who are at low risk for complications from moderate or deep sedation. While diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy procedures such as PEG placement or evaluation of GI bleeding are routinely performed at the bedside in intensive care units (ICUs), the use of EUS for this indication has been described in only two small case series [1, 2]. In this study, we report a single center experience of the indications and impact of bedside EUS on the care of ICU patients.
2. Methods
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Clarian Health Partners/Indiana University Hospital. Our prospectively updated endoscopy database was queried to identify all patients who underwent a bedside EUS procedure in an ICU at our hospital between January 2004 and August 2009.
Patients in this cohort were deemed by their treating physicians to require ICU care and also an EUS procedure for evaluation of various pancreaticobiliary, thoracic, or pelvic disorders. To complete these procedures, patients were not deemed stable for transport to our endoscopy unit and therefore required a bedside procedure.
Sedation for these procedures varied depending on the presence or absence of previous endotracheal intubation. If the patient was intubated, intravenous sedatives or narcotics already being administered to the patient were given for the procedure either by intermittent boluses or a temporary increase in the maintenance infusion rate. Alternatively, intermittent boluses of propofol were used. If the patient was not intubated, then sedation was accomplished by intermittent boluses of benzodiazepines and/or opioids. Appropriate cardiorespiratory monitoring was used for all patients. Informed consent was obtained from the patient, patients’ relative or power of attorney in all cases.
All procedures were performed by or under the supervision of one of five experienced attending endosonographers. If a radial echoendoscope was required, examination was initiated with an Olympus GF-UE160-AL5 radial echoendoscope (Olympus America, Inc., Center Valley, PA, USA). Curvilinear array endosonography was performed using an Olympus GF-UC30P or Olympus GF-UC140P-AL5 (Olympus America, Inc., Center Valley, PA, USA) echoendoscope. EUS-FNA was performed at the discretion of the endosonographer and if performed was obtained using a 19 or a 22-gauge EUSN-1, EUSN-2, EUSN-3, or Echotip Ultra needle (Cook Medical Inc., Winston-Salem, NC, USA) or EZ-Shot needle (Olympus America, Inc., Center Valley, PA, USA). Doppler examination was used to ensure the absence of intervening vascular structures along the anticipated needle path. Depending on the amount of blood anticipated during tissue sampling, full, partial, or no suction was applied. When a cytopathologist and portable microscope were available on site for preliminary diagnostic interpretations and assessment of specimen adequacy, FNA samples were expressed onto a glass slide and two smear preparations were made. One slide preparation was air-dried and stained with a modified Giemsa stain for on-site review, while the other slide was alcohol-fixed and stained by the Papanicolaou method. In the absence of on-site pathology review, samples were only alcohol-fixed for future staining and interpretation. EUS-FNA was repeated until a definitive diagnosis was made or the endosonographers felt that further sampling would not likely increase yield. Additional FNA passes were made when either (1) a cellblock preparation was potentially required for immunostains or (2) microbiology stains and cultures were required for potential sites of infections. Definitive cytopathologic diagnoses were given only after complete staining and subsequent final interpretation was provided. Hospital records and endoscopy charts were reviewed after the procedure to assess for any short-term complications and clinical followup.
For study purposes, EUS was considered to have a significant impact if a new diagnosis was established and/or the findings altered subsequent management. EUS was not considered to have an impact if a diagnosis was incorrectly interpreted or missed. When available, the final clinical diagnosis for each patient was made by autopsy or surgery. In the absence of either, the results of EUS-FNA and clinical followup were used.
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
Fifteen patients (9 male; mean age: years) were included. Twelve were from American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) class III and three were from ASA class IV. Eight (53%) were under mechanical ventilation during EUS. Bed location for these 15 patients included Medical ICU in nine, Surgical ICU in three, Organ Transplant ICU in two, and Neurosurgical ICU in one. Reasons for ICU admission were respiratory failure in seven, severe sepsis in three, severe pancreatitis in two, cardiac arrest in one, liver failure in one, and gastrointestinal bleeding in one. Past history of severe underlying disorder in seven patients included alcoholic cirrhosis in two, retroperitoneal fibrosis in one, renal and pancreas transplant in one, renal transplant in one, Hodgkin’s disease in one, and bladder cancer in one.
3.2. EUS Findings
Indications for EUS were mediastinal mass or adenopathy (), suspected pancreas mass or abscess (), evaluation of suspected choledocholithiasis or biliary obstruction (), suspected gastric mass (), gastric variceal bleeding (), and suspected pelvic abscess ().
Bedside EUS was technically successful and completed in all patients without complications. Twelve (80%) patients underwent EUS-FNA (median 4 passes; range 2–7) and a cytopathologist was available on site for preliminary interpretations in 8 of 12 (66.7%). The findings and results of the EUS exams are summarized in Table 1.
EUS-FNA provided an initial diagnosis of a malignant mediastinal mass/lymph node in five including nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in two, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in one, metastatic adenocarcinoma in one, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) in one. Additionally, EUS-FNA diagnosed a pancreas abscess (), excluded a pelvic abscess (), and established enlarged gastric folds () and lymph nodes in the mediastinum () and portahepatis region () as benign. In the three diagnostic exams without FNA, EUS excluded both choledocholithaisis () and a extrahepatic bile duct tumor (), and found gastric varices were successfully thrombosed after previous cyanoacrylate injection ().
EUS failed to establish a correct diagnosis in two patients. In one (patient 2, Table 1), EUS-FNA of a heterogeneous retroperitoneal mass was reported as suspicious for lymphoma, but autopsy showed the lesion was a hemorrhagic pancreatic pseudocyst in the setting of systemic amyloidosis. In the second case (patient 14, Table 1), EUS-FNA of a mediastinal mass incorrectly revealed necrosis but was later confirmed after surgery as histoplasmosis. EUS was therefore considered to have an impact in 13 of 15 (87%) patients, including 10 of 12 (83%) who had EUS-FNA and all the three (100%) who underwent diagnostic EUS alone.
Six (40%) patients died during their ICU admission and the remaining nine were discharged. Five of these died within three months of hospitalization while four remained alive a median 321 days (range: 209–706 days) after discharge. No short-term complications were noted during or immediately after EUS.
4. Discussion
There are limited data previously published in two small series that describe the utility of bedside EUS in critically ill patients. Fritscher-Ravens et al. [1] reported the bedside use of EUSFNA in three patients to diagnose a mediastinal abscess following tracheotomy (), relieve pressure from a paratracheal hematoma compressing the right main bronchus () and diagnose lung cancer in a patient awaiting cardiac transplantation (). The authors concluded that bedside EUS-FNA was feasible and could offer an alternative in life-threatening situations.
Varadarajulu et al. [2] recently described the use and positive clinical impact of EUS in six patients to establish a diagnosis of choledocholithiasis (), mediastinal abscess (), and pancreatic abscess () in 3 patients and its use in two other patients to rule out the presence of choledocholithiasis () and a pancreatic pseudocyst (). The authors also reported the successful use of beside EUS-guided transmural drainage of a pancreatic pseudocyst and mediastinal abscess.
In the current series, we found that bedside EUS had a clinical impact in 13 of 15 critically ill patients evaluated. A new diagnosis was established in 6 cases and precluded the need for further studies or intervention in seven others. We found that the most common clinical impact made by EUS was providing a tissue diagnosis of malignancy. However, as the other two reported series [1, 2] found, diagnostic EUS provided important clinical information as well. One of our patients underwent transrectal EUS during which sampling of a pelvic fluid collection correctly excluded a suspected abscess. To our knowledge, this case represents the first description of bedside rectal EUS.
The current study represents the largest series to date detailing the use of bedside EUS and confirms its utility and impact in this patient population. Nevertheless our study is limited by its retrospective design and limited followup in some patients. Further prospective studies involving larger numbers of patients are needed to further define the role of EUS in critically ill patients.
In conclusion, bedside EUS in ICU patients is safe and feasible. In the current series, it had a significant impact on the management of the majority of patients evaluated. Therefore, endosonographers should consider using EUS in ICU patients when clinically indicated. Given the expanding field of EUS, we postulate that therapeutic procedures such as pancreatic necrosectomy [3–5] and cholecystoenterostomy [6] could be performed at the bedside in these patients as an alternative to surgical or interventional radiology procedures.
Disclosure
All authors disclose no financial relationships relevant to this publication.
Authors’ Contribution
M. Mohamadnejad and J. Dewitt contributed in conception, design, obtaining IRB approval, conducting the study, collecting and analyzing the data, and writing the paper. J. LeBlanc, S. Sherman, M. Al-Haddad, L. McHenry, and G. Cote contributed in conception, design, and conducting the study. All the authors approved the final version of the paper.