The Impact of Group Drumming on Social-Emotional Behavior in Low-Income Children

Table 5

Mean (standard deviation) TRF other scale scores by classroom.

	TE1 (n = 24)	TE2 (n  = 22)	TE3 (n  = 30)	TE4 (n = 25)
Condition	D	CN	D	CN
TRF Scale
Baseline PT	0.8 (1.3)	1.3 (1.2)	1.8 (2.1)	2.9 (2.4)
Post- PT	0.3 (0.9)	2.2 (1.6)	0.6 (1.1)	2.5 (1.5)
Difference PT	0.5 (1.6)	−0.9 (1.8)	1.2 (1.6)	0.4 (1.8)
Baseline ST	1.2 (1.5)	2.3 (1.7)	0.3 (0.7)	2.1 (2.8)
Post-ST	0.3 (0.5)	3.3 (2.1)	0.2 (0.5)	2.2 (2.6)
Difference ST	0.9 (1.4)	−1.0 (1.4)	0.1 (0.3)	−0.1 (1.6)

TE: teacher; D: drumming; CN: control; TRF: Teacher’s Report Form; Difference: difference score (post-intervention/control minus baseline); PT: post-traumatic stress problems; ST: sluggish cognitive tempo. A positive value for difference scores indicates improvement whereas a negative value indicates worsening of symptoms.