Herbs Origin Reference (A) Cellular and humoral responses (A.1) Effect on T cell response (T cell activation, T cell proliferation, ratio of CD
4/CD8 cells, etc.) Pterodon pubescens Brazil [45 ] Chrysanthemum indicum, Fumigant I
, Huo-Luo-Xiao-Ling Dan
, Litsea coreana, Radix Linderae, Tripterygium wilfordii China [34 , 46 –52 ] Dai-bofu-to
, Stephania tetrandra Japan [53 , 54 ] Centella asiatica Southeastern Asia/China [55 ] (A.2) Induction/expansion of regulatory T cells Chelidonium majus Korea [56 ] Triptolide (Tripterygium wilfordii ) China [57 ] (A.3) Change in antibody/B cell response Pterodon pubescens Brazil [45 ] Camellia sinensis, Curcumin, Celastrus aculeatus, Huo-Luo-Xiao-Ling-Dan
, Pomegranate extract, Radix Linderae China, Korea [33 , 34 , 50 , 58 –61 ] Stephania tetrandra Japan [54 ] Barrington racemosa India [62 ] Centella asiatica Southeastern Asia/China [55 ] Taxus brevifolia, Fumagillin analogue North America [63 , 64 ] (B) Cytokine response/balance (B.1) Affecting major cytokines produced by macrophages/antigen-presenting cells (TNF-α , IL-1, IL-6, etc.) and/or deviation of the response to Th2 type Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Swertia chirayita India [65 , 66 ] Zingiber officinale India/China [67 ] Boswellia carterii, Camellia sinensis, Cherries
, Fumigant I
, Curcumin, Huo Luo-Xiao-Ling-Dan
, Litsea coreana, Paeonia lactiflora, Plectranthus amboinicus, Pomegranate extract, Sinomenium acutum , QFGJS
, Tripterygium wilfordii, Turpinia Arguta China, Korea, India [47 –49 , 51 , 52 , 59 –61 , 68 –75 ] Chelidonium majus, PG201, Ulmus davidiana Korea [56 , 76 , 77 ] (B.2) Inhibiting the pathogenic cytokine IL-17 and related cytokines Camellia sinensis, Huo-Luo-Xiao-Ling-Dan
, Tripterygium wilfordii China [33 , 34 , 52 , 59 ] (C) Cellular migration into the target organ (C.1) Affecting the expression of chemokines and adhesion molecules in the blood vessels or joint tissues Fumigant I
China [49 ] (C.2) Altering the migration of leukocytes into the tissues-monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, etc. Curcuma longa India/China [78 , 79 ] Pterodon pubescens Brazil [45 ] Camellia sinensis China [59 ] Centella asiatica Southeastern Asia/China [55 ] (D) Mechanism of action not yet determined Bai jiang cao
, Duhuo
, Sanqui
, Yan hu suo
China [80 ] Chlorophytum borivilianum, Ocimum sanctum India [81 , 82 ] Shu-Jing-Huo-Xue-Tang
Japan [83 ]
