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| First author(year) ref. | Formula | Traditional source of formula | Traditional indication | Components | Function | Rationale of formula |
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| Ji (2009) [4] | Jiangtangshuluofang (Decrease Glucose Free Collaterals Prescription) | Empirical formula of Dr. Dashun Chen | DPN, pattern of deficiency of qi and yin, fluid deficiency heat and blood stasis, deficiency of blood turning into wind | Shengdihuang (Radix Rehmanniae), Shanzhuyu (Fructus Corni), Gouqizi (Fructus Lycii), Gegen (Radix Puerariae), Huangqi (Radix Astragali), Danshen (Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae), Puhuang (Pollen Typhae), Shuizhi (Hirudo), Huanglian (Rhizoma Coptidis), Chantui (Periostracum Cicadae), Jili (Fructus Tribuli) | Nourish yin tonify qi, clear heat and moisten dryness, activate blood and remove stasis, dispel wind and free collaterals. | Chief: shengdihuang, shanzhuyu, gouqi zi and gegen regender fluid and clear heat, nourish yin of liver, kidney and lung.
Deputy: huangqi tonifies qi; danshen, puhuang and shuizhi remove stasis and free collaterals.
Assistant: huanglian clears heat; chantui and jili relieve itching. |
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| Piao (2011) [7] | Jinmaitong (Sinew-Channel Unobstruction) | Empirical formula of Dr. Xiaochun Liang | DPN, pattern of kidney deficiency and blood stasis; pattern of deficiency of both yin and yang, interior cold and stasis | Tusizi (Semen Cuscutae), Nuzhenzi (Fructus Ligustri lucidi), Shuizhi (Hirudo), Yanhusuo (Rhizoma Corydalis), Huangqi (Radix Astragali), Shengdihuang (Radix Rehmanniae), Guizhi (Ramulus Cinnamomi), Xixin (Herba Asari) | Tonify kidney, activate blood, warm and unblock channels and vessels. | Chief: tusizi tonifies yang and nourishes yin of kidney, secures essence and improves vision, and checks diarrhea; nuzhenzi nourishes yin of liver and kidney, and clears empty-heat.
Deputy: shuizhi and yanhusuo break blood, expel stasis and relieve pain.
Assistant: huangqi and shengdihuang tonify qi and nourish yin; guizhi and xixin warm and unblock channels and vessels, and promote qi and blood circulation. |
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| Deng (2007) [9] | Qitengtongluoyin (Astragalus Vine Free Collatrals Decoction) | Empirical formula | DPN, pattern of qi deficiency and blood stasis | Huangqi (Radix Astragali), Huangbai (Cortex Phellodendri), Niuxi (Radix Achyranthis bidentatae), Jixueteng (Caulis Spatholobi), Cangzhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis), Yiyiren (Semen Coicis), Qingdai (Indigo Naturalis) | Tonify qi, activate blood and remove stasis. | Not mentioned about traditional rationale. The authors stated that “Based on modern pharmacological research. Huangqi strengthen immunity; jixueteng and niuxi modulate micro-circulation; huangbai, cangzhu, niuxi and yiyiren have functions of regulating glucose.” |
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| Xu (2009) [11] | Yiqitongluofazufang (Tonify Qi Free Collaterals Prescription) | Empirical formula | DPN, pattern of kidney deficiency, qi deficiency and obstruction of collateral vessels. | Shudihuang (Radix Rehmanniae praeparata), Heshouwu (Radix Polygoni multiflori), Luoshiteng (Caulis Trachelospermi), Huangqi (Radix Astragali), Dilong (Lumbricus), Wugong (Scolopendra), Quanxie (Scorpio) | Nourish yin, tonify kidney and free collaterals | Chief: shudihuang and heshouwu nourish yin and tonify kidney.
Deputy: luoshiteng and huangqi tonify qi and free collaterals.
Assistant: dilong, wugong and quanxie free collaterals and relieve pain. |
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| Wang (2010) [12] | Tangbikang (Sugar Blockage Recovery) | A variation of Huangqiguizhi-Wuwutang (Astragalus-Cinnamomum Five-Ingredient Decoction)* | Blood impediment, exhibiting numbness sensation in skin and limbs, slightly choppy and tight pulse. | Huangqi (Radix Astragali), Nuzhenzi (Fructus Ligustri lucidi), Guizhi (Ramulus Cinnamomi), Chishao (Radix Paeoniae rubra), Huangqin (Radix Scutellariae), Huanglian (Rhizoma Coptidis), Shuizhi (Hirudo) | Tonify qi and enrich yin, detoxify and resolve stasis. | Huangqi tonifies qi and strengthens defence-exterior; guizhi warms the channels and free yang; nuzhenzi nourishes yin of liver and kidney; chishao dissipates stasis and relieves pain; huangqin and huanglian clear heat, dry dampness and detoxify; shuizhi breaks blood and expels stasis. |
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| Zeng (2005) [19] | Xiaokelingnongsuoye (Diabetes Agility Concentration Fluid) | Empirical formula | DPN, pattern of deficiency of qi and yin and blood stasis | Sangshen (Fructus Mori), Shengdihuang (Radix Rehmanniae), Gegen (Radix Puerariae), Huangqi (Radix Astragali), Renshen (Radix Ginseng), Xuanshen (Radix Scrophulariae), Shuizhi (Hirudo) | Nourish kidney yin, tonify qi and activate blood. | Chief: sangshen and shengdihuang nourish yin and tonify kidney.
Deputy: xuanshen and gegen nourish yin and engender fluid.
Assistant: huangqi and renshen, tonify qi; shuizhi is assistant, activate blood and remove stasis. |
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| Xu (2009) [20] | Qingyingtang (Clearing Nutritive Qi Decoction) | From Wenbingtiaobian (Systematized Identification of Warm Pathogen Diseases) | Heat in the nutient aspect pattern, exhibiting fever which is higher at night, occasional delirium, restlessness, insomnia, thirst or no thirst, skin rashes, dry tounge and fine rapid pulse. | Shuiniujiao (Cornu Bubali), Shengdihuang (Radix Rehmanniae), Xuanshen (Radix Scrophulariae), Zhuye (Folium Phyllostachys nigrae), Maidong (Radix Ophiopogonis), Danshen (Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae), Huanglian (Rhizoma Coptidis), Jinyinhua (Flos Lonicerae), Lianqiao (Fructus Forsythiae) | Nourish yin and dispel heat and activate blood and free the channels. | Chief: shuiniujiao and shengdihua clear the heat in nutrient aspect and cool the blood.
Deputy: xuanshen and maidong nourish yin and clear heat.
Assistant: jinyinhua, lianqiao, huanglian and zhuye clear heat and detoxify, promote to dispel the pathogen from nutrient aspect to qi aspect; danshen activates blood and dispel stasis and heat. |
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| Wang (2010) [21] | Tangmoning (Glucose End Peace Granules) | Empirical formula | DPN, pattern of qi deficiency and blood stasis | Huangqi (Radix Astragali), Yanhusuo (Rhizoma Corydalis), Sanqi (Radix Notoginseng), Chishao (Radix Paeoniae rubra), Danshen (Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae), Chuanxiong (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), Honghua (Flos Carthami), Sumu (Lignum Sappan), Jixueteng (Caulis Spatholobi) | Tonify qi, activate blood, free collaterals and relieve pain. | Chief: huangqi tonifies qi and promotes blood circulation.
Deputy: yanhusuo and chuanxiong remove stasis and regender fresh blood.
Assistant: sanqi removes stasis and relieve pain; danshen, honghua and jixueteng remove stasis and free collaterals. |
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| Zhang (2008) [22] | Xiaoketongbi (Diabetes Free Obstruction Granula) | Empirical formula of Dr. Rongfa Zhang | DPN, pattern of deficiency of qi and yin and blood stasis | Huangqi (Radix Astragali), Danggui (Radix Angelicae sinensis), Gegen (Radix Puerariae), Weilingxian (Radix Clematidis), Zushima (Cortex Daphne giraldii), Sangbaipi (Cortex Mori) | Tonify qi, activate blood and remove stasis, free channels and relieve pain. | Chief: huangqi, danggui and gegen tonify qi, activate blood and relieve pain.
Deputy: weilingxian and zushima dispel wind and relieve pain.
Assistant: sangbaipi clears lung heat. |
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