Electroacupuncture Pretreatment as a Novel Avenue to Protect Brain against Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury

Figure 2

Involvement of cell signaling pathways in neuroprotection of EA pretreatment. This diagram shows the cell signaling pathways involved in the cerebral ischemic tolerance induced by EA pretreatment. PKA: protein kinase A; ERK: extracellular-regulated kinase; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; K_ATP: ATP-sensitive potassium channel; MMP-9: matrix metalloproteinases-9; NMDAR: N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors; CB2R: cannabinoid receptor type 2; AEA: N-arach-idonoylethanolamine-anandamide; 2-AG: 2-arachidonylglycerol; CB1R: cannabinoid receptor type 1; PSD-95: postsynaptic density 95; nNOS: neuronal nitric oxide synthase; εPKC: epsilon protein kinase C.