The Effects of a Gentle Yoga Program on Sleep, Mood, and Blood Pressure in Older Women with Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS): A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 3

Change over time in psychosocial and physiological profiles in sedentary, overweight postmenopausal women with RLS (𝑁=8 yoga, 10 controls).

	Yoga			Educational film (Control)			Between-group difference over time
	Pre	Post	𝑃	Pre	Post	𝑃	𝑃	Effect size¥
	(Mean±SE)	(Mean±SE)		(Mean±SE)	(Mean±SE)
Sleep quality, stress, and mood
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
Global	8.71±1.15	3.57±0.53	0.001	9.25±1.05	8.00±0.93	NS	0.01	2.59
Sleep latency	0.88±0.40	0.88±0.35	NS	1.25±0.41	1.50±0.38	NS	NS	0.25
Sleep quality	1.38±0.50	0.75±0.41	NS	1.88±0.40	1.38±0.50	0.04	NS	0.11
Sleep duration	1.50±0.38	0.50±0.27	0.02	1.40±0.40	1.30±0.0.34	NS	0.04	1.18
Sleep efficiency	1.75±0.41	0.63±0.38	0.01	0.75±0.37	0.38±0.26	0.08	0.03	0.70
Sleep disturbance	1.71±0.18	1.14±0.14	0.03	1.75±0.16	1.75±0.25	NS	0.07	1.44
Sleep medication	0.13±0.13	0.00±0.00	NS	0.88±0.35	0.63±0.38	NS	NS	−0.33
Daytime dysfunction	2.00±0.27	0.88±0.13	0.002	1.50±0.17	1.35±0.21	NS	0.01	2.64
Average sleep duration in hours	5.72±0.45	7.33±0.53	0.001	6.40±0.32	6.28±0.30	NS	0.0001	−1.35
Prevalence of insomnia (PSQI > 5) (%)	87.50%	12.50%	0.01	100.00%	70.00%	NS	0.03	—
Perceived Stress Scale	24.00±1.88	14.71±2.75	0.006	18.44±1.47	19.67±1.39	NS	0.03	1.98
Profile of Mood States
Total	24.00±4.11	−12.50±7.06	0.02	18.60±2.71	24.11±8.96	NS	0.02	2.35
Tension/Anxiety	5.75±1.28	0.88±1.69	0.07	4.22±0.53	5.78±1.55	NS	0.05	1.78
Confusion	3.43±2.28	0.00±0.49	NS	1.50±1.45	2.00±1.67	NS	0.09	2.84
Depression	13.25±0.73	2.88±1.23	0.001	11.22±1.03	11.11±1.87	NS	0.06	4.97
Anger/Hostility	5.14±0.64	2.29±0.67	0.02	7.33±0.78	9.78±1.30	0.06	0.06	2.93
Vigor	12.50±1.08	19.88±2.41	0.015	16.33±0.91	15.67±0.98	NS	0.02	−2.63
Fatigue	13.29±1.95	7.43±2.95	0.08	8.22±1.20	9.33±1.51	NS	0.05	1.26
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
State	33.29±2.59	26.14±2.22	0.05	28.13±2.44	32.75±3.37	0.05	0.002	1.87
Trait	39.71±3.90	33.43±4.02	NS	36.38±2.77	34.88±3.53	NS	NS	0.43
Duke Social Support Index
Social Interaction	10.00±1.33	10.00±1.02	NS	10.75±1.13	11.00±0.89	NS	NS	NA
Social Support	17.17±1.19	19.50±0.43	NS	18.38±0.71	18.13±0.69	NS	NS	NA
Heart rate and blood pressure
Average heart rate (supine)	68.13±3.48	65.00±3.64	NS	66.80±4.56	64.60±3.42	NS	NS	0.09
Systolic blood pressure	145.75±9.80	125.50±3.24	0.04	139.93±6.44	131.13±4.51	NS	0.05	1.25
Diastolic blood pressure	83.13±4.36	73.75±3.68	0.02	74.40±3.42	73.80±2.59	NS	0.03	0.89
Anthropometrics
Waist (cm)	108.95±5.79	106.91±4.78	NS	108.60±4.63	110.68±4.74	NS	NS	0.25
Weight (kg)	88.83±4.33	87.67±4.30	NS	83.56±3.66	84.26±4.12	NS	NS	0.15
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	33.59±2.13	32.96±1.74	NS	32.27±1.95	32.30±2.15	NS	NS	0.11

¥Between-group effect size (Cohen’s d), adjusted for differences in baseline values, NS: Non-significant (𝑃>0.10).