The Relationship between Plants Used to Sustain Finches (Fringillidae) and Uses for Human Medicine in Southeast Spain

Table 1

Plant species in the study area and their traditional uses in finches and humans. Finch uses: 1, facilitate breeding; 2, attract birds; 3, commercial seed mixes; 4, leafy vegetables; 5, birdliming; 6, material for cages and accessories; 7, catching tools; 8, vermifuge; 9, camouflage of capture nets; 10, provide pigments; 11, cure diseases. Medical human uses: 1, alteration of blood pressure; 2, haemorrhoids; 3, depurative; 4, anxiety; 5, diarrhoea; 6, heartburn; 7, indigestion; 8, liver disease; 9, loss of appetite; 10, constipation; 11, helminthiasis; 12, cough; 13, cold; 14, respiratory problems; 15, hyperglycemia; 16, anaemia; 17, hypercholesterolemia; 18, retention of liquids; 19, undefined symptom (tonic); 20, gout; 21, rheumatism; 22, inflammation of bones or joints; 23, undefined symptom (analgesic); 24, injury; 25, burns; 26, kidney stones; 27, menstruation; 28, lack of breast milk secretion; 29, ischocholia; 30, chilblains; 31, pimples; 32, skin diseases; 33, eczema; 34, skin fungus; 35, rubefaction; 36, calluses and skin hardness; 37, warts; 38, bacteria; 39, microbes; 40, headache; 41, inflammation; 42, fever; 43, alopecia; 44, flushing (refreshing); 45, alcoholism; 46, toothache; 47, mineral deficiency; 48, eye infection. Type: W, wild; C, cultivated. RFC: relative frequency of citation. CI: cultural importance index.

Scientific name	Herbarium voucher (ABH)	Family	Finch uses	RFC	CI	Medical human uses	Type	References
Agave americana L.	17879	Agavaceae	1	7.59	0.076	—	W	[39]
Allium sativum L.	Seen alive	Alliaceae	8	5.06	0.051	41, 13, 5, 21, 30	C	[35, 39, 44]
Amaranthus blitum L.	3989	Amaranthaceae	2,3	25.32	0.285	—	W	[41]
Anagallis arvensis L.	22647	Primulaceae	4	16.46	0.165	24, 3, 14	W	[40]
Andryala ragusina L.	4430	Compositae	5	72.15	0.722	31	W	[41]
Arundo donax L.	32085	Gramineae	6,7	58.23	0.810	1, 48, 12, 22, 18, 3	C	[39]
Avena sativa L.	10488	Gramineae	3	84.81	0.848	—	W
Avena sterilis L.	1582	Gramineae	3	78.48	0.785	—	W
Beta vulgaris L.	10652	Chenopodiaceae	4	30.38	0.304	37, 10, 18, 44, 1, 41, 6, 2	C	[41]
Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C. H. Stirt.	50474	Leguminosae	2	32.91	0.329	—	W
Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) Beauv.	31248	Gramineae	7	67.09	0.671	1	W	[39]
Brassica napus L.	39373	Cruciferae	3	89.87	0.899	—	C
Brassica oleracea L. subsp. oleracea	34847	Cruciferae	4	21.52	0.215	24, 28, 45, 41, 21, 18, 10, 48, 4, 7	C	[41]
Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck	Seen alive	Cruciferae	1,4	62.03	0.924	—	C
Brassica rapa L.	7969	Cruciferae	3	88.61	0.886	—	C
Cannabis sativa L.	32225	Cannabaceae	1,3	92.41	1.158	—	C
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medicus	47380	Cruciferae	4	16.46	0.165	5, 18, 1, 27	W	[40]
Carthamus tinctorius L.	3894	Compositae	3	10.13	0.101	—	W
Centaurea aspera L.	21338	Compositae	2	60.76	0.608	9, 7, 15, 24, 34, 38, 41, 1, 13, 39, 19, 29	W	[7, 35, 40]
Centaurea calcitrapa L.	36097	Compositae	2	46.84	0.468	15	W	[40]
Centaurea mariolensis Rouy	13242	Compositae	2	10.13	0.101	—	W
Centaurea melitensis L.	36917	Compositae	2	11.39	0.114	—	W
Chamaerops humilis L.	559	Palmae	1	13.92	0.139	9	W	[39]
Chelidonium majus L.	18328	Papaveraceae	11	3.8	0.038	—	C
Chondrilla juncea L.	7142	Compositae	5	49.37	0.494	9	W	[39]
Cicer arietinum L.	17633	Leguminosae	11	3.8	0.038	31, 18, 13	W	[41]
Cichorium intybus L.	37547	Compositae	3,4	54.43	0.639	18, 19, 10, 9	W	[35, 39, 44]
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.	35007	Compositae	2	8.86	0.089	9, 2	C	[39]
Cirsium monspessulanum (L.) Hill	51477	Compositae	2	10.13	0.101	—	W
Citrus limon (L.) Burm. Fil.	49856	Rutaceae	11	2.53	0.025	24, 5, 3, 18, 13	C	[39]
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq.	17943	Compositae	2	12.66	0.127	—	C
Cynara cardunculus L.	35991	Compositae	2	16.46	0.165	37, 27, 29, 32, 9, 3, 8, 18, 15	W	[7, 35, 41, 44]
Cynara scolymus L	31715	Compositae	2	44.3	0.443	—	C
Daphne gnidium L.	10830	Thymelaeaceae	6,8	41.77	0.481	37, 13, 8, 11, 35	W	[7, 35, 39]
Daucus carota L.	33104	Umbelliferae	4,10	18.99	0.222	18, 37, 9, 19	W	[35, 39]
Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC.	47963	Cruciferae	2,4	91.14	0.911	—	W	[40]
Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter	39371	Compositae	2	68.35	0.684	24, 1, 26, 17, 46	W	[39]
Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.	14692	Gramineae	2	6.33	0.063	—	W
Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav.	41713	Cruciferae	4	20.25	0.203	—	W
Erucastrum virgatum C. Presl	4460	Cruciferae	2,4	15.19	0.190	—	W
Euphorbia characias L.	7226	Euphorbiaceae	5	36.71	0.367	8	C	[39, 44]
Foeniculum vulgare Miller	23129	Umbelliferae	3	24.05	0.241	18, 33, 10, 14, 48, 13, 9, 8, 39, 28, 7	W	[7, 35, 39, 44]
Fragaria vesca L.	52157	Rosaceae	4,10	11.39	0.139	13, 30, 20	W	[44]
Galactites tomentosa Moench	42051	Compositae	2	11.39	0.114	—	C
Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.	9666	Compositae	3	87.34	0.873	—	W
Helianthus annuus L.	5220	Compositae	3	87.34	0.873	—	W
Heliotropium europaeum L.	14672	Boraginaceae	2	82.28	0.823	24, 29, 42, 27, 20, 37	W	[35, 41]
Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Staff	41077	Gramineae	7	32.91	0.329	—	C	[39]
Lactuca sativa L.	Seen alive	Compositae	3,4	58.23	0.728	44, 47, 4, 46	C	[41]
Lactuca serriola L.	47376	Compositae	4	22.78	0.228	10, 4	W	[41]
Laurus nobilis L.	43242	Lauraceae	8	13.92	0.139	14, 13, 9, 7, 6, 31, 8	C	[35, 39, 44]
Lavandula latifolia Medicus	20246	Labiatae	4,11	37.97	0.456	19, 7, 39, 24, 21, 18, 33, 14, 41, 5	W	[7, 35, 39, 44]
Linum usitatissimum L.	32017	Linaceae	3	13.92	0.139	10, 33, 21, 31, 24, 14, 13, 41, 4	W	[35, 39]
Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv.	15843	Cruciferae	4	35.44	0.354	18, 26, 41, 23, 42	W	[41]
Lygeum spartum L.	8128	Gramineae	5	45.57	0.456	—	W
Malus domestica (Borkh.) Borkh.	37495	Rosaceae	4,11	27.85	0.392	7, 37	W	[40]
Mantisalca salmantica (L.) Briq. and Cavill.	5273	Compositae	2	13.92	0.139	15	C	[41]
Nerium oleander L.	46139	Apocynaceae	6,8	30.38	0.411	32	C	[39]
Nicotiana tabacum L.	4391	Solanaceae	8,11	13.92	0.234	43, 40, 46	W	[39]
Ocimum basilicum L.	Seen alive	Labiatae	8	3.8	0.038	7, 4, 8, 13, 10, 5	C	[35, 39, 44]
Olea europaea L.	17212	Oleaceae	5	5.06	0.051	36, 10, 1, 41, 7, 29, 37, 24, 19, 25, 23, 8	W	[7, 35, 40, 44]
Onopordum acanthium L.	11328	Compositae	2	11.39	0.114	—	W
Panicum miliaceum L.	36589	Gramineae	3	68.35	0.063	—	W
Papaver rhoeas L.	37589	Papaveraceae	3,4	26.58	0.291	14, 12, 46, 23, 9, 18, 13, 4	C	[7, 35, 39, 44]
Papaver somniferum L.	10585	Papaveraceae	3,4	17.72	0.203	13, 4, 5, 12, 46	W	[39]
Paronychia argentea Lam.	13044	Caryophyllaceae	1	6.33	0.063	18, 24, 1	C	[35]
Perilla frutescens L.	Seen alive	Labiatae	3	60.76	0.608	—	C
Phagnalon saxatile (L.) Cass.	49631	Compositae	2	10.13	0.101	—	W
Phalaris canariensis L.	14955	Gramineae	3	100	1.000	—	W
Phoenix dactylifera L.	14303	Palmae	1	10.13	0.101	9	W	[39]
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steudel	40289	Gramineae	6,7	64.56	0.918	—	W
Picris echioides L.	47438	Compositae	2	7.59	0.076	—	W	[40]
Pinus halepensis Miller	37506	Pinaceae	2,5,9	51.9	0.791	14, 13, 41, 19, 37, 24, 39	W	[35, 40, 44]
Pinus pinea L.	32768	Pinaceae	3,5,9	7.59	0.120	—	C
Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss.	6843	Gramineae	3	27.85	0.278	—	C
Pistacia lentiscus L.	10319	Anacardiaceae	11	6.33	0.063	37	C	[39]
Portulaca oleracea L.	36619	Portulacaceae	2,3	72.15	0.759	41, 38, 15, 44, 33, 23, 18, 11, 4, 25	W	[40]
Punica granatum L.	46140	Punicaceae	9	8.86	0.089	11, 15	W	[40]
Raphanus sativus L.	51395	Cruciferae	3,4	49.37	0.741	29, 12, 3, 21, 13,	W	[41]
Rosa agrestis Savi	51473	Rosaceae	11	6.33	0.063	18, 41, 24, 4	W	[35, 44]
Rubus ulmifolius Schott	40230	Rosaceae	4,10	11.39	0.133	24, 46, 15, 5, 39, 9, 3, 31	W	[7, 35, 39, 44]
Scolymus hispanicus L.	20754	Compositae	2	40.51	0.405	—	W
Scolymus maculatus L.	20114	Compositae	2	10.13	0.101	—	W
Scorzonera hispanica L.	4557	Compositae	4	16.46	0.165	—	W
Senecio vulgaris L.	7527	Compositae	4	7.59	0.076	—	W
Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.	16519	Gramineae	3	46.84	0.468	—	C
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner	32020	Compositae	2	73.42	0.734	21, 8, 9, 3, 36, 37, 27, 29, 32, 15, 1, 42, 12, 13, 40	C	[7, 35, 41, 44]
Sonchus oleraceus L.	47365	Compositae	4	44.3	0.443	9	W	[39]
Sonchus tenerrimus L.	37483	Compositae	4	40.51	0.405	9	W	[39]
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.	3298	Gramineae	3	53.16	0.532	46	W	[41]
Spinacia oleracea L.	Seen alive	Chenopodiaceae	4	43.04	0.430	—	C
Stellaria media (L.) Vill.	10674	Caryophyllaceae	4	11.39	0.114	—	W
Stipa tenacissima L.	44375	Gramineae	5	92.41	0.924	37	W	[39]
Taraxacum vulgare (Lam.) Schrank	1808	Compositae	4	49.37	0.494	33, 8	W	[44]
Thymelaea hirsuta L.	41262	Thymelaeaceae	2	27.85	0.278	11, 10	C	[41]
Urtica dioica L.	40147	Urticaceae	1,4	26.58	0.316	1, 20, 5, 41, 16, 13	W	[7]
Urtica urens L.	33640	Urticaceae	1,4,11	34.18	0.424	21, 13, 41, 3, 30, 9, 18, 37, 1, 12, 16	W	[35, 39, 44]
Viscum album L.	49508	Viscaceae	7	60.76	0.608	—	W