Morinda citrifolia (Noni) Juice Augments Mammary Gland Differentiation and Reduces Mammary Tumor Growth in Mice Expressing the Unactivated c-erbB2 Transgene
Figure 2
Slower tumor growth kinetics in live animals was observed in the 10% TNJ-treated MMTV-neu animals than in the control group for large tumors. (a) Growth of spontaneously developed mammary tumors was measured weekly with calipers on 2 dimensions. The first solid tumor that was detected ≤5 mm in diameter in animals for the control and 10% TNJ groups was compared. These curves were significantly different, , as determined by nonlinear regression analysis in Graphpad Prism 5. Due to the inherent heterogeneity of tumor behavior in this model related to the unique mutations that induce the mammary cancer [35], very rapidly and slowly growing tumors were excluded. The criteria for exclusion included tumors that grew for less than 2 months (9 weeks) since detection or did not reach a maximum volume of 900 mm3 by 12 weeks after detection. (b) Doubling time for solid mammary tumors with initial volume ≥532 mm3 and that grew to the maximum volume of ≥1765 mm3 with at least 2 weeks between these 2 measurements was used to assess the growth of tumors in the small range. The number of mice examined is shown in the bars for each group. (c) For intermediate size tumors, the doubling time for tumors growing for 2 weeks or longer within the volume range of 1765–3500 mm3 is shown with the number of mice per groups shown in the bars. (d) 10% TNJ increased mammary tumor doubling time for the large volume range (; 2500–4000 mm3). Only 3 tumors in the control group met the criteria of 2 weeks between the volumes for this range due to the rapid growth of their larger tumors. For this figure, only mice with noncystic mammary tumors that remained separate to allow accurate measurement were included. Mean ± SEM; TNJ: Tahitian Noni Juice; *indicates significance, as determined by Mann-Whitney test.
