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| Year | References | Ginger preparation | Dosage and administration route | Animal model | Experiment duration | Outcomes | Conclusion |
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| 2010 | Antihypercholesterolaemic effect of ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) in rats
Elrokh et al. [53] | Aqueous extract | 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. | Hypercholesterolaemic rat | 4 week | Serum cholesterol↓
Triglyceride↓
LDL-c↓
HDL-c↑
TC/HDL-c (risk ratio)↓ | Significant decrease in all lipid profile parameters, improved risk ratio |
|
| 2009 | Protective effects of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale rhizome on the development of metabolic syndrome in high-fat diet-fed rats
Nammi et al. [18] | Ethanolic extract | 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. | High-fat diet fed rats | 6 weeks | Body weight↓
Serum glucose↓
Insulin level↓
Total cholesterol↓
LDL-c↓
Cholesterol↓
Triglycerides↓
Free fatty acid↓
Phospholipids↓ | Provides scientific evidence to substantiate the traditional use of ginger in preventing metabolic disorders |
|
| 2009 | Upregulation of mRNA of retinoid-binding protein and fatty acid-binding protein by cholesterol-enriched diet and effect of ginger on lipid metabolism
Matsuda et al. [54] | Ginger powder | 0.5 g/rat/day in diet | Hypercholesterolemic rats | 84 days | Liver retinoid-binding protein mRNA↓
Visceral fat↓ | May improve lipid metabolism |
|
| 2007 | Effect of an herbal extract Number Ten (NT) on body weight in rats
York et al. [55] | Polyherbal aqueous extract (6-7% ginger) | 0.75 and 1.5 g/day p.o. | High-fat diet-fed rat | 56 days | Body weight gain↓
Food intake↓
Body fat ratio↓
No difference of serum leptin, metabolites and organ weights (kidney, spleen, liver, and gastrocnemius muscle) | Demonstrated the efficacy in reducing weight gain in rodents |
|
| 2006 | Beneficial effects of Zingiber officinale on gold thioglucose induced obesity
Goyal and Kadnur [56] | Methanolic and ethanolic ginger extracts | 250 mg/kg p.o. | Goldthioglucose-induced obese mice | 8 weeks | Body weight↓
Serum glucose↓
Serum insulin↓
Serum lipid↓ | Indicates improvement of insulin sensitivity |
|
| 2005 | Effect of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale on dyslipidaemia in diabetic rats
Bhandari et al. [57] | Fresh ginger ethanolic extract | 200 mg/kg p.o. | STZ-induced diabetic rat | 20 days | Serum total cholesterol ↓
HDL-c↑
LDL- and VLDL-c↓
Serum tryglyceride↓
Phospholipid↓
Blood glucose↓
Liver and pancreas lipid peroxidation↓ | Protects tissues from lipid peroxidation, significant lipid lowering activity |
|
| 2005 | Antiobesity actions of Zingiber officinale Roscoe
Han et al. [58] | Aqueous ginger extract | 1 and 3% in diet | High-fat diet-fed mice | 8 weeks | In vitro pancreatic lipase activity↓
Body weight↓
Parametrial adipose tissue weight↓ | Antiobesity effect may be partially due to the inhibition of intestinal absorption of dietary fat |
|
| 2001 | Differential effect of polyherbal, antiobesity preparation OB-200G in male and female mice and monosodium glutamate-treated rats
Kaur and Kulkarni [59] | OB-200G,
a polyherbal preparation (containing 5% ginger aqueous extract) | 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg p.o. twice daily | Male and female Laca mice | 21 days
| Lower dose (0.25 g/kg): food intake↑
Higher doses: in female mice
Food intake in female rats↓ | Gender differences involved in mediating antiobesity effect |
| 0.5 g/kg p.o. | MSG-treated male and female rats | 40 days | Body weight↓
Fat pad weights↓
Serum glucose ↑
Ambulatory activity↑ |
|
| 2001 | Investigations on possible serotonergic involvement in effects of OB-200G (polyherbal preparation) on food intake in female mice
Kaur and Kulkarni [60] | OB-200G,
a polyherbal preparation (containing 5% ginger aqueous extract) | 0.5 g/kg (contains ginger aqueous extract 5%) p.o. | Female albino mice of Laca strain with induced
hyperphagia | 4 hours | Food intake↓ | Serotonin is involved in the effect of OB-200G mediated food intake. |
|
| 2000 | Ginger extract consumption reduces plasma cholesterol, inhibits LDL oxidation and attenuates development of atherosclerosis in atherosclerotic, apolipoprotein E-deficient mice
Fuhrman et al. [61] | Standardized ginger ethanolic extract (containing 40 mg/g pungent compounds, 90 mg/g polyphenols and 14 μL/g essential oils) | 25 and 250 μg/day p.o. | Apolipoprotein E-deficient (E0) mice | 10 weeks | Plasma cholesterol↓
Triglyceride↓
VLDL & LDL↓
Cellular cholesterol Biosynthesis↓
LDL oxidation and aggregation↓
LDL-associated lipid Peroxides↓ | Significant attenuation of the development of atherosclerotic lesions |
|
| 2000 | Antiobesity effect of a polyherbal formulation, OB-200G in female rats fed on cafeteria and atherogenic diets Kaur and Kulkarni [62]
| OB-200G,
A polyherbal preparation (containing 5% ginger aqueous extract) | 400 mg/kg, p.o. twice a day | Female Wistar rats fed with cafeteria and atherogenic diets | 40 days | Body weight↓
Body temperature↑
Locomotor activities↑
Serum glucose level↑
Cholesterol↓ (atherogenic diet) | Exhibited antiobesity effect |
|
| 1998 | The protective action of ethanolic ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract in cholesterol fed rabbits
Bhandari et al. [63] | Ginger ethanolic extract | 200 mg/kg p.o. | Hypercholesterolemic rabbit | 10 weeks | Serum total cholesterol↓
Serum triglyceride↓
Serum phospholipid↓
HDL-c↑
LDL- and VLDL-c↓
Liver and aorta cholesterol ↓ | Indicate ginger is an antihyperlipidemic agent |
|
| 1993 | Cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitory component from Zingiber officinale Roscoe
Tanabe et al. [64] | Compound (E)-8β, 17-epoxylabd-12-ene-15,16-dial (ZT) isolated from ginger | 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg p.o. | Triton WR-1339-induced hypercholesterolemic mice | | Serum cholesterol (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg)↓
Cholesterol biosynthesis in liver↓ | Compound ZT has an inhibitory effect on cholesterol biosynthesis |
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