Honey-Based Mixtures Used in Home Medicine by Nonindigenous Population of Misiones, Argentina

Table 1

Relative importance (RI) value of species used in honey-based mixtures by Criollos and Poles in north of Misiones, Argentina. P/C: Poles/Criollos, RIP: relative importance Poles, and RIC: relative importance Criollos.

Scientific name, botanical family (common name)	(#reports) P/C	RIP	RIC	Mode of preparation and administration	Ailment
Achyrocline flaccida (Weinm.) DC., Asteraceae (marcela)	2/0	9.00	—	Oral, infusion, with lemon, and abeja’s honey, a pharmaceutical* (optatively)	Cough, influenza
Allium cepa L., Alliaceae (cebolla)	1/2	7.28	7.28	Oral, syrup, with abeja’s honey	Catarrh
Allium sativum L., Alliaceae (ajo)	0/4	—	12.45	Oral, decoction, with eucalyptus, guabirá, oil, and abeja’s honey	Bronchitis, pneumonia
				Oral, frying o mixed without cooking, with oil, and yateí’s honey	Cough
Aloe sp., Xanthorrhoeaceae (aloe)	1/0	7.28	—	Oral, mixture, with abeja’s honey	Tonsillitis
Aloysia citriodora Palau, Verbenaceae (cedrón)	0/2	—	9	Oral, Infusion, with orange, yateí’s honey or burned sugar, and a pharmaceutical	Catarrh, cough
Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., Bromeliaceae (ananá)	0/11	—	12.45	Oral, syrup, abeja’s honey	Influenza, respiratory tract, bronchitis, pneumonia, colds, cough
Apis mellifera, (abeja)	47/124	68.2	66.48	Oral, pure	Dyspepsia, constipation; nervous commotion; blood pressure imbalance, blood cleansing (humoral syndrome) preventive, influenza, colds, cough, sore throat, tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, catarrh
				Topic, pure	Injury, bruises, abscess; muscular pain
Artemisia vulgaris L., Asteraceae (sertal)	1/0	7.28	—	Oral, Infusion, with abeja’s honey	Dyspepsia
Bos taurus, (leche)	12/1	14	7.28	Oral, mixture, with abeja or yateí’s honey	Bronchitis, catarrh, influenza
(manteca)	1/0	9	—	Oral, mixture, with abeja’s honey	Cough, sore throat
Brassica oleracea L., Brassicaceae (repollo)	0/2	—	7.28	Topic, Compress with yateí’s honey	Bruises, abscess
Bromelia balansae Mez, Bromeliaceae (caraguatá)	0/1	—	7.28	Oral, syrup with abeja or yateí’s honey	Influenza
Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. Ex Willd.) Bercht. & J. Presl, Solanaceae (floripón)	2/0	9.00	—	Topic, with yateí or mirí’s honey	Injury
Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg, Myrtaceae (guabirá)	0/1	—	7.28	Oral, decoction, with eucalyptus, garlic, oil, and abeja’s honey	Bronchitis, pneumonia
Carica papaya L., Caricaceae (mamón)	0/18	—	14.18	Oral, decoction, with lemon, ambay, berro, sauco, talera, salvia with abeja or yateí’s honey	Tonsillitis, catarrh, influenza
				Oral, syrup, talera, lemon, pariparoba with yateí’s honey	Sore throat
Cecropia pachystachya Trécul, Cecropiaceae (ambay)	3/22	10.73	10.73	Oral, decoction, eucalyptus, citrus, and abeja’s honey	Catarrh, sore throat, cough
				Oral, decoction, with lemon, mamón, berro, sauco, talera, salvia with abeja or yateí’s honey	Tonsillitis, catarrh, influenza
				Oral, syrup with abeja or yateí’s honey	Cough, bronchitis, pneumonia
Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg., Celtidaceae (talera)	0/16	—	12.45	Oral, decoction, with lemon, mamón, berro, sauco, talera, salvia with abeja or yateí’s honey	Tonsillitis, catarrh, influenza
				Oral, syrup, with talera, lemon, pariparoba with yateí’s honey	Sore throat
Cfr. Melipona quadrifasciata, (mandasaia)	0/1	—	7.28	Oral, pure	Influenza
Chaptalia nutans (L.) Pol., Asteraceae (lengua de vaca)	1/0	7.28	—	Topic, compress, with carabozá, mirí o yateí’s honey	Injury
Citrus reshni Hort ex Tan., Rutaceae (mandarina)	0/4	—	21.84	Oral, infusion, with abeja’s honey	Preventive
Citrus x limonia (L.) Osbeck, Rutaceae (limón)	14/46	12.45	26.63	Oral, decoction, tea, abeja or yateí’s honey. With red wine, a pharmaceutical (optatively)	Influenza, colds, sore throat, cough
				Oral, syrup, with orange and abeja’s honey	Cough
				Oral, syrup, with yateí’s honey	Respiratory tract
Citrus aurantium L., Rutaceae (apepú)	4/2	9	14.18	Oral, decoction, with tea, abeja or yateí’ honey, a pharmaceutical (optatively)	Influenza, cough
				Oral, syrup, with abeja or yateí’s honey	Influenza
Citrus limettioides Tanaka, Rutaceae (lima)	0/2	—	14.56	Oral, infusion, with abeja’s honey	Cough, preventive
Citrus limón (L.) Osbeck, Rutaceae (limón)	ídem Citrus x limonia
Citrus paradisi Macfad., Rutaceae (pomelo)	2/0	9.00	7.28	Oral, mixture, with abeja’s honey	Influenza, cough
Citrus reticulata Blanco, Rutaceae (mandarina)	0/4	—	21.84	Oral, infusion, with abeja’s honey	Preventive
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, Rutaceae (naranja)	2/20	14.56	45.02	Oral, syrup, with abeja or yateí’s honey; or with lemon and abeja’s honey; with cedrón, yateí’s honey or burned sugar, a pharmaceutical (optatively)	Colds, cough, catarrh, respiratory tract, nervous commotion
				Topic, poultice, with abeja or yateí’s honey	Bruises, abscess
Citrus spp., Rutaceae (cítrico)	3/0	10.73	—	Oral, decoction, with eucalyptus, ambay, abeja or yateí’s honey	Sore throat, catarrh, cough, influenza
Coffea arabica L., Rubiaceae (café)	3/0	10.73	—	Oral, infusion, with lemon and abeja’s honey; with abeja’s honey	Influenza, colds; cough
Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf, Poaceae (cedrón)	2/4	9	12.45	Oral, mixture o infusion, with oil and abeja’s honey; infusion with orange, yateí’s honey or burned sugar and a pharmaceutical	Cough, catarrh, bronchitis, pneumonia, influenza
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Poaceae (gramilla)	3	—	10.73	Oral, infusion, with yateí’s honey	Fever
Eucalyptus sp., Myrtaceae (eucalipto)	4/6	12.45	9.00	Oral, decoction, with ambay, citrus, abeja, and yateí’s honey	Sore throat, cough, catarrh
				Oral, syrup, with citrus and yateí’s honey; decoction with guabirá, garlic, oil, and abeja’s honey	Influenza
Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Apiaceae (aipo)	0/4	—	15.9	Oral, syrup, with sabuguero and abeja’s honey	Respiratory tract
				Oral, infusion, with yateí’s honey or burned sugar	Tonsillitis, sore throat
				Oral, decoction, with abeja’s honey and a pharmaceutical	Colds
Glycine max (L.) Merr., Fabaceae (aceite vegetal)	3/13	10.73	21.46	Oral, mixture, with abeja or yateí’s honey; decoction, with eucalyptus, guabirá, garlic, and abeja’s honey	Sore throat, bronchitis, pneumonia, influenza
				Oral, mixture or infusion, with cedrón and abeja or yateí’s honey; frying or mixture, with garlic and yateí’s honey	Cough, catarrh
				Oral, mixture, with yateí’s honey	Constipation
Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae (aceite vegetal)	ídem Glycine max
Heteropterys glabra Hook. Malpighiaceae (tilo)	1/0	7.28	—	Oral, infusion, with abeja’s honey	Nervous commotion
Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, (grasa de carpincho)	5/3	10.73	10.73	Oral, mixture, with abeja or yateí’s honey; with tea and abeja’s honey	Catarrh, respiratory tract
Hydrocotyle leucocephala Cham. & Schltdl., Apiaceae (oreja de gato)	0/2	—	9.00	Topic, poultice, with abeja or yateí’s honey	Bruises, absecess
Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hill., Aquifoliaceae (yerba mate)	4/0	23.56	—	Oral, infusion, with abeja or yateí’s honey	Blood pressure imbalance, nervous commotion, blood cleansing (humoral syndrome), to fortify the body
Linum usitatissimum L., Linaceae (lino)	0/1	—	7.28	Oral, infusion, with abeja or yateí’s honey	Cough
Lippia alba (Mill.). N. E. Br., Verbenaceae (salvia)	0/11	—	14.18	Oral, decoction, with lemon, ambay, berro, sauco, talera, mamón, abeja or yateí’s honey; with abeja’s honey and a pharmaceuticals	Tonsillitis, catarrh, cough, influenza
Matricaria recutita L., Asteraceae (manzanilla)	4/0	23.56	—	Oral, infusion, with lemon and abeja or yateí’s honey, a pharmaceutical (optatively)	Cough, sore throat, influenza, catarrh, colds, dyspepsia
Mentha spp., Lamiaceae (menta casera)	0/4	—	9.00	Oral, infusion, with abeja or yateí’s honey	Colds, cough
Nasturtium officinale R. Br., Brassicaceae (agrión, berro)	0/13	—	15.90	Oral, decoction, with lemon, ambay, salvia, sauco, talera, mamón, with abeja or yateí’s honey	Tonsillitis, catarrh, influenza
				Oral, syrup, with abeja’s honey; with guaco and abeja’s honey	Cough, influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma, tuberculosis; respiratory tract
Cfr. Mikania sp., Asteraceae (guaco)	0/5	—	12.45	Oral, syrup, with guaco and abeja’s honey	Cough, influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma, tuberculosis
Picrasma crenata (Vell.) Engl., Simaroubaceae (palo amargo)	2/0	9.00	—	Oral, infusion, with abeja’s honey	Dyspepsia
Piper mikanianum (Kunth) Steud., Piperaceae (pariparoba)	0/5	—	16.28	Oral, syrup, talera, lemon, mamón, yateí’s honey	Sore throat
				Topic, compress, with abeja or yateí’s honey	Injury
Piper sp., Piperaceae (matico)	1/0	7.28	—	Oral, infusion, with abeja’s honey	Dyspepsia
Plebeia spp. (mirí)	9/0	23.18	16.28	Oral, pure	Influenza, tonsillitis, colds, asthma; bronchitis, pneumonia, cough, muscular pain
Saccharum officinarum L., Poaceae (azúcar quemada, burnt sugar)	0/6	—	7.28	Oral, infusion, with orange, cedrón and pharmaceutical; with aipo	Catarrh, cough catarrh, sore throat, cough
				Oral, decoction, eucalyptus, citrus, and ambay	Tonsillitis, sore throat
(aguardiente)				Oral, macerated with sabuguero	Asthma
Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl., Adoxaceae (sabuguero, sauco)	0/12	—	17.62	Oral, syrup, with aipo and abeja’s honey	Respiratory tract
				Oral, macerated with aguardiente and abeja’s honey	Asthma
Sida cordifolia L., Malvaceae (malva)	0/1	—	7.28	Oral, infusion, with bee or yateí’s honey	Cough
Sus scrofa domestica, (grasa de chancho, pork fat)	0/4		12.45	Oral, mixture, with abeja or yateí’s honey	Colds, bronchitis, pneumonia
Tetragonisca fiebrigi, (yateí)	37/68	59.20	58.81	Oral, pure	Cough, respiratory tract, catarrh, asthma, influenza, sore throat, bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma, thrush; nervous commotion, preventive, parasites; dyspepsia
				Topic, pure	Ocular illness; insect’s bite; bruises, abscess, injury; bronchitis, pneumonia
Thea sinensis L., Theaceae (té común, té negro)	14/14	12.45	19.35	Oral, decoction, with lemon or apepú and abeja or yateí’s honey, a pharmaceutical (optatively)	Influenza, colds, catarrh, cough
Trigona spinipes, (carabozá)	0/8	25.29	14.56	Oral, pure	Stomach fever (fiebre de estómago), influenza, tonsillitis, asthma
				Topic, pure	Rheumatic illness
Triticum aestivum L., Poaceae (trigo, harina)	0/3	—	7.28	Topic, poultice, with abeja or yateí’s honey	Bruises, absecess
Viola odorata L., Violaceae (violeta)	0/2	—	7.28	Topic, poultice, with abeja or yateí’s honey	Bruises, absecess
Vitis vinifera L., Vitaceae (vino tinto)	7/0	14.18	—	Oral, decoction, with lemon and abeja’s honey; mixture, with abeja’s honey	Colds, catarrh, cough, influenza
Zea mays L., Poaceae (aceite vegetal)	ídem Glycine max

*Pharmaceuticals composed of acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol, or ibuprofen.