Effects of Brugmansia arborea Extract and Its Secondary Metabolites on Morphine Tolerance and Dependence in Mice

Figure 5

Effects of FA and FNA on the expression (a) and the acquisition (b) of morphine dependence. FA (5.5 mg/kg) and FNA (24.5 mg/kg) were administered 30 min before each morphine injection twice daily for 5 days (acquisition) or prior to naloxone injection (expression). On the sixth day, withdrawal syndromes were precipitated by injection of 5 mg/kg naloxone, 2 h after the last morphine injection. The withdrawal symptoms are given as a summary of the frequency of these somatic signs: jumping, rearing, forepaw tremors, and teeth chatter. Significant differences: **𝑃<0.01, compared to control; ⁺⁺𝑃<0.01, compared to morphine group.

(a)

(b)