Effects of Extracts from Trifolium medium L. and Trifolium pratense L. on Development of Estrogen Deficiency-Induced Osteoporosis in Rats

Table 3

Effects of Trifolium medium L. (TM) and Trifolium pratense L. (TP) extracts on mechanical properties of the tibial metaphysis in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.

Parameters	Sham-; operated rats	OVX rats
		Control	TM10	TM20	TP10	TP20	Estradiol
Maximum load (𝑁)	120.63; ± 3.95	66.85; ± 3.56***	70.02; ± 2.53***	69.76; ± 2.41***	79.66; ± 2.86^*** ●●	77.12; ± 2.86^*** ●	90.38; ± 3.08^*** ●●●
Displacement for maximum load (mm)	0.84; ± 0.06	0.90; ± 0.07	0.83; ± 0.04	0.88; ± 0.02	0.82; ± 0.03	0.89; ± 0.06	0.82; ± 0.05
Energy for maximum load (mJ)	52.02; ± 4.36	39.20; ± 4.61**	33.52; ± 2.33***	36.49; ± 1.61**	36.58; ± 2.67**	37.77; ± 2.86**	39.93; ± 2.91**
Maximum stress (MPa)	103.82; ± 4.23	54.82; ± 4.38***	56.34; ± 3.61***	55.81; ± 2.22***	60.05; ± 2.69***	59.65 ± 2.77***	73.74; ± 4.07^*** ●●●
Young’s modulus (MPa)	3410.78; ± 237.74	2318.16; ± 182.21**	2246.02; ± 147.56**	2248.36; ± 117.87***	2149.64; ± 178.89***	2417.34; ± 140.06***	2770.31; ± 286.73

The lyophilized extracts from TM or TP at doses corresponding to 10 and 20 mg/kg of isoflavone aglycones daily (TM10, TP10 and TM20, TP20, resp.), or estradiol (0.2 mg/kg daily), were administered orally to OVX rats for 4 weeks. Results are presented as the mean ± SEM (𝑛=9-10). One-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test or, when appropriate, Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA followed by Mann-Whitney 𝑈 test was used for evaluation of the significance of the results. **𝑃<0.01, ***𝑃<0.001—significantly different from sham-operated control rats. ^●𝑃<0.05, ^●●𝑃<0.01, ^●●●𝑃<0.001—significantly different from OVX control rats.