Effects of Extracts from Trifolium medium L. and Trifolium pratense L. on Development of Estrogen Deficiency-Induced Osteoporosis in Rats

Table 4

Effects of Trifolium medium L. (TM) and Trifolium pratense L. (TP) extracts on mechanical properties of the femoral diaphysis (parameters for the fracture point and Young’s modulus) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.

Parameters	Sham-; operated rats	OVX rats
		Control	TM10	TM20	TP10	TP20	Estradiol
Fracture load (𝑁)	114.56; ± 3.94	111.98; ± 2.33	116.01; ± 4.44	125.82; ± 3.44^●	116.84; ± 4.00	127.66; ± 2.66^* ●●	120.15; ± 3.80
Displacement for fracture load (mm)	0.52; ± 0.03	0.52; ± 0.02	0.61; ± 0.04	0.52; ± 0.03	0.55; ± 0.02	0.56; ± 0.02	0.54; ± 0.02
Energy for fracture load (mJ)	35.69; ± 2.75	34.71; ± 1.55	46.36; ± 5.00	40.07; ± 4.29	40.04; ± 2.89	43.73; ± 2.66	40.56; ± 3.58
Stress for fracture load (MPa)	172.68; ± 5.76	169.16; ± 5.34	182.65; ± 6.06	193.14; ± 4.41^* ●●	178.01; ± 3.63	193.34; ± 6.89^* ●●	187.79; ± 7.14^●
Young’s modulus (MPa)	9368.24; ± 430.74	8679.70; ± 689.37	9612.18; ± 499.99	9651.65; ± 412.61	9356.92; ± 148.39	8759.22; ± 1028.53	9687.52; ± 654.88

The lyophilized extracts from TM or TP at doses corresponding to 10 and 20 mg/kg of isoflavone aglycones daily (TM10, TP10 and TM20, TP20, resp.), or estradiol (0.2 mg/kg daily), were administered orally to OVX rats for 4 weeks. Results are presented as the mean ± SEM (𝑛=9-10). One-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test or, when appropriate, Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA followed by Mann-Whitney 𝑈 test was used for evaluation of the significance of the results. *𝑃<0.05—significantly different from sham-operated control rats. ^●𝑃<0.05. ^●●𝑃<0.01—significantly different from OVX control rats.