Research Article
Tai-Chi for Residential Patients with Schizophrenia on Movement Coordination, Negative Symptoms, and Functioning: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Table 3
Performances outcomes of the Tai-chi and the waitlist control group on the assessed variables.
| | | | | | | | | Between group interaction | | Assessment outcomes | Tai-chi () | Waitlist control () | PostGroup effect
T1-T2 | Maintenance effect
T1–T3 | | T1 | T2 | T3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | | |
| | Movement Coordination (CMDT) | | | | | | | | | | Placing | 82.17 (9.75) | 85.42 (16.78) | 81.5 (14.63) | 98.29 (28.2) | 114.13 (41.04) | 111.27 (45.09) |
0.17 |
0.24 | | Turning | 76.73 (14.51) | 81.71 (20.6) | 76 (17.4) | 101.04 (40.89) | 122.92 (50.61)* | 115.88 (50.22) |
0.11 |
0.15 | | Displacing | 60.6 (10.13) | 59.21 (12.13) | 58.83 (9.78) | 76.07 (26.6) | 81.25 (26.57)* | 84.23 (38.13) |
0.02* |
0.50 | | 1-Hand Turning/Placing | 102.37 (17) | 105 (20.45) | 101.53 (15.61) | 124.82 (45.95) | 145.33 (62.87)** | 147.92 (74.8) |
0.07 |
0.15 | | 2-Hand Turning/Placing | 65.53 (10.74) | 66.25 (17.49) | 67.07 (14.25) | 89.96 (43) | 101.09 (44.5) | 107.31 (68.32) |
0.17 |
0.26 |
| | Negative symptoms (SANS) | | | | | | | | | | Attention | 4.21 (3.51) | 2.67 (7.27) | 3.33 (3.33) | 5.6 (3.81) | 3.55 (2.2) | 5.85 (4.28) |
0.06 |
0.49 | | Anhedonia-asociality | 4.53 (4.29) | 3.58 (3.63) | 3.13 (2.45) | 4.4 (4.6) | 6 (4.07) | 3.4 (3.09) |
0.24 |
0.63 | | Avolition-apathy | 1.79 (2.89) | 1.58 (2.02) | 1.79 (2.36) | 2.27 (3.37) | 3.27 (3.35) | 2.14 (3.28) |
0.62 |
0.84 | | Alogia | 4.4 (4.97) | 2.08 (4.12) | 3.27 (5.46) | 4.8 (5.17) | 6.91 (4.81) | 6.8 (7.29) |
0.06 |
0.15 | | Affective flattening/blunting | 8.2 (7.98) | 3.33 (6.21) | 6.4 (7.34) | 8.67 (7.76) | 7.82 (6.75) | 6.47 (8.27) |
0.56 |
0.59 |
| | Functioning disabilities (WHODAS II***) | | | | | | | | | | Cognition | 12.2 (3.45) | 12.27 (4.86) | 11.13 (4.85) | 11.33 (5.34) | 9.87 (2.9) | 11.4 (5.46) |
0.93 |
0.44 | | Mobility | 7.53 (2.39) | 7.47 (3.42) | 8.73 (4.17) | 7.6 (2.87) | 6.6 (2.06) | 7.73 (2.63) |
0.75 |
0.67 | | Self-care | 3.4 (0.83) | 3.07 (0.26) | 3.47 (1.06) | 3.2 (0.41) | 3.27 (1.03) | 3.73 (1.33) |
0.41 |
0.33 | | Interpersonal interactions | 7.47 (4.16) | 7.13 (2.59) | 6.13 (2.07) | 5.27 (2.25) | 7 (2.39)* | 7.2 (3.1)* |
0.07 |
0.01** | | Life activities | 11 (3.61) | 10.27 (4.01) | 9.47 (3.44)* | 9.4 (1.76) | 10.53 (4.36) | 8.8 (1.82) |
0.21 |
0.64 | | Community participation | 17 (5.84) | 12.87 (4.12)** | 14.27 (6.27) | 14.73 (5.87) | 12.4 (4.03) | 13.53 (6.33) |
0.42 |
0.33 |
|
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T1: baseline; T2: after-intervention; T3: 6-week maintenance; *P ≤ .05; ** P ≤ .01. ***Slightly modified.
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