Evaluation of Acute 13-Week Subchronic Toxicity and Genotoxicity of the Powdered Root of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia Jack)

Table 2

Chromosome aberration assay of E. longifolia powdered root in vitro.

	Aberrant cells (%)	Number of aberrations/100 cells^3-4
		G	B	D	g	b	e
	3 h treatment/without S9 metabolic activation
Negative^1	1.7±0.6	0.3±0.3	0.3±0.3	0	0.7±0.7	0.3±0.3	0
Positive^2	7.0±2.7^∗	0.3±0.3	0.3±0.3	0.3±0.3	1.7±0.7	0.7±0.3	3.7±1.7
E. longifolia powdered root (mg/mL)
1.25	1.0±1.0	0	0	0	0.7±0.3	0.3±0.3	0
2.5	0.7±0.6	0	0	0	0.3±0.3	0.3±0.3	0
5	1.3±0.6	0	0	0	1.0±0.6	0.3±0.3	0
	3 h treatment/with S9 metabolic activation
Negative^1	0.7±1.2	0	0.3±0.3	0.3±0.3	0	0	0
Positive^2	5.7±1.5^∗	0	2.0±0.6	0.7±0.7	1.7±0.3	0.7±0.7	0.7±0.3
E. longifolia powdered root (mg/mL)
1.25	1.3±1.2	0	0	0	1.0±0.6	0.3±0.3	0
2.5	0.7±0.6	0	0	0	0.3±0.3	0	0.3±0.3
5	0.7±0.6	0.3±0.3	0	0	0	0.3±0.3	0
	24 h treatment/without S9 metabolic activation
Negative^1	0.7±0.6	0	0	0	0	0.7±0.3	0
Positive^2	9.0±1.0^∗	1.3±0.3	0.7±0.3	0	2.7±0.9	2.3±0.7	2.3±0.7
E. longifolia powdered root (mg/mL)
1.25	1.7±0.6	0	0	0	0.3±0.3	1.3±0.3	0
2.5	1.3±0.6	0	0	0	1.0±0.7	0.3±0.3	0
5	1.3±0.6	0	0	0	0.7±0.3	0.7±0.3	0

1Solvent (sterile water) was used as negative control.
2Positive control in w/o S9 condition: mitomycin C 1 μg/mL; in w/w S9 condition: benzo(a)pyrene 5 μg/mL.
3The chromosomal aberrations were counted by 100 independent cells. For each treatment, at least 300 cells were examined as described in Section 2. The data are expressed as the Mean ± SEM (𝑁=3). Significant difference between control treated group at *𝑃<0.05 versus control by one-way ANOVA.
4G: chromosome gap; B: chromosome break; D: dicentric; g: gap; b: chromatid break; e: exchange.