Osthole Improves Spatial Memory Deficits in Rats via Hippocampal 𝜶₁-Adrenergic and D₁/D₂ Receptors

Figure 3

Effects of osthole (icv, 10 μg/brain) on the performance impairment induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, icv, 250 μg/brain) or propranolol (PROP, 80 ng/side) in rats. (a) The escape latency on the four-day spatial learning, (b) the swimming time on the probe test which spent in the quadrant where the platform was, (c) the escape latency on the two trials of working memory version, and (d) the swimming speed on the probe test in the Morris water maze. ^a𝑃<0.05, ^aa𝑃<0.01, and ^aaa𝑃<0.001, compared with 6-OHDA (vehicle) group. ^b𝑃<0.05, ^bbb𝑃<0.001, compared with PROP (vehicle) group. ^∗𝑃<0.05, ^∗∗𝑃<0.01, compared with 6-OHDA (vehicle) group.

(a) Spatial learning

(b) Probe test

(c) Working memory

(d) Swimming speed