Evodiamine (Evo) induces autophagy and apoptosis in astrocytes. Cells were treated with 6 μM of Evo for the indicated time and then analyzed by Western blotting with anti-LC3 and anti-GAPDH anti-bodies. GAPDH was used as an internal control to normalize the amount of proteins applied in each lane (a). Cells were treated with 6 μM of Evo for 24 or 48 h, using flow cytometry with acridine orange staining for autophagy (b). Data presented in the upper panel represent the results of three independent experiments, and the respective statistical results are presented in lower panels of (b). (c) Cells were treated with 6 μM Evo for the indicated time periods and then analyzed by flow cytometry with annexin-V/PI double-staining for apoptosis. Data presented in the upper panel represent the results of three independent experiments, and the respective statistical results are presented in lower panels of B. One-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple-range test was used to determine whether the results for the experimental groups significantly differed from those of the respective controls. Columns not sharing the same superscript significantly differ ().
