Differences in Median Ultraviolet Light Transmissions of Serial Homeopathic Dilutions of Copper Sulfate, Hypericum perforatum, and Sulfur

Table 1

Comparison^a between light transmissions of controls^b and potencies (6c–30c)^c of CuSO₄, hypericum, and S₈.

		CuSO4		Hypericum		S8
		190 nm–340 nm	220 nm–340 nm	190 nm–340 nm	220 nm–340 nm	190 nm–340 nm	220 nm–340 nm
Measurement; 1	Mean controls	0.999990	1.000002	0.999995	0.999999	0.999998	1.000001
	SD controls	0.000573	0.000539	0.000279	0.000258	0.000260	0.000246
	Mean hp	1.000037	1.000058	0.999826	0.999851	1.000093	1.000075
	SD hp	0.000637	0.000601	0.000349	0.000331	0.000279	0.000266
	𝑃	0.910	0.955	0.160	0.171	0.299	0.363
	𝑟	−0.019	−0.010	−0.238	−0.232	−0.171	−0.149
Measurement; 2	Mean controls	0.999996	0.999998	1.000004	1.000001	1.000010	1.000006
	SD controls	0.000311	0.000311	0.000393	0.000371	0.000594	0.000578
	Mean hp	1.000062	1.000058	1.000005	1.000053	1.000648	1.000583
	SD hp	0.000500	0.000465	0.000460	0.000431	0.000676	0.000639
	𝑃	0.791	0.806	0.596	0.488	0.012	0.013
	𝑟	−0.045	−0.042	−0.090	−0.117	−0.411	−0.408
Measurement; 3	Mean controls	0.999997	1.000007	1.000003	1.000020	1.000014	1.000010
	SD controls	0.000383	0.000338	0.001094	0.000984	0.000493	0.000478
	Mean hp	0.999810	0.999817	0.999663	0.999662	1.000684	1.000602
	SD hp	0.000492	0.000422	0.000955	0.000893	0.000610	0.000576
	𝑃	0.449	0.241	0.454	0.476	0.004	0.005
	𝑟	−0.130	−0.201	−0.127	−0.120	−0.475	−0.464
Measurement; 4	Mean controls	0.999992	1.000000	0.999999	0.999997	0.999997	0.999991
	SD controls	0.001013	0.000905	0.000549	0.000484	0.000365	0.000366
	Mean hp	0.999624	0.999670	0.999660	0.999721	1.000506	1.000478
	SD hp	0.000896	0.000791	0.000780	0.000682	0.000844	0.000782
	𝑃	0.450	0.364	0.154	0.177	0.071	0.068
	𝑟	−0.130	−0.156	−0.241	−0.228	−0.297	−0.300
Measurement; 5	Mean controls	1.000002	1.000009	1.000008	1.000008	0.999992	0.999994
	SD controls	0.000860	0.000792	0.001375	0.001247	0.000712	0.000659
	Mean hp	0.999926	0.999916	0.999673	0.999736	1.000170	1.000122
	SD hp	0.000800	0.000718	0.001312	0.001205	0.000793	0.000735
	𝑃	0.985	0.821	0.701	0.688	0.973	0.864
	𝑟	−0.003	−0.039	−0.065	−0.068	−0.006	−0.028
Autoclave	Mean controls	0.999994	0.999997	0.999993	0.999997	1.000002	1.000002
	SD controls	0.000629	0.000536	0.000557	0.000465	0.000519	0.000470
	Mean hp	0.999915	0.999943	0.999801	0.999802	1.000557	1.000497
	SD hp	0.000567	0.000517	0.000673	0.000587	0.000563	0.000520
	𝑃	0.610	0.664	0.391	0.298	0.011	0.014
	𝑟	−0.087	−0.075	−0.145	−0.176	−0.416	−0.403
EMF	Mean controls	1.000001	0.999998	1.000002	0.999996	1.000008	1.000002
	SD controls	0.000409	0.000376	0.000333	0.000302	0.000567	0.000527
	Mean hp	0.999765	0.999779	0.999845	0.999866	1.000661	1.000594
	SD hp	0.000475	0.000423	0.000588	0.000519	0.000715	0.000677
	𝑃	0.198	0.219	0.913	0.942	0.013	0.013
	𝑟	−0.221	−0.211	−0.019	−0.012	−0.408	−0.408
Incubation	Mean controls	0.999998	1.000003	1.000009	0.999997	0.999986	0.999997
	SD controls	0.000406	0.000371	0.000677	0.000632	0.001174	0.001122
	Mean hp	0.999629	0.999649	0.999999	1.000009	1.000649	1.000571
	SD hp	0.000431	0.000409	0.000383	0.000334	0.000623	0.000587
	𝑃	0.020	0.026	0.289	0.298	0.041	0.115
	𝑟	−0.399	−0.382	−0.179	−0.176	−0.336	−0.259
UV	Mean controls	1.000003	1.000005	1.000000	1.000000	1.000001	1.000009
	SD controls	0.000629	0.000612	0.000580	0.000569	0.000439	0.000413
	Mean hp	0.999610	0.999637	0.999558	0.999586	1.000676	1.000599
	SD hp	0.000342	0.000319	0.000536	0.000517	0.000545	0.000498
	𝑃	0.212	0.281	0.015	0.024	0.002	0.002
	𝑟	−0.214	−0.185	−0.411	−0.383	−0.520	−0.512

^aby Mann-Whitney-𝑈 test, mean normalised transmission with standard deviation (SD) is shown, statistically significant results (𝑃≤0.05) are displayed in bold, 𝑟 = effect size
^b𝑛=10 for CuSO₄ and hypericum, 𝑛=12 for S₈  
^c𝑛=24 for CuSO₄ and 𝑛=25 for hypericum and S₈.