|
Herb | Compound name | Chemical structure | Antidiabetic mechanism(s) | References |
|
G. uralensis | Amorfrutin 1 | | Regulate insulin resistance | [40] |
| Amorfrutin 2 | | | |
| Amorfrutin 3 | | | |
| Amorfrutin 4 | | | |
|
D. rhizome | Dioscorea polysaccharides | N.A. | Regulate insulin resistance | [41–44] |
|
V. spp. | Phenolics and Anthocyanins | N.A. | Regulate insulin resistance | [45–47] |
|
A. membranaceus | Astragalus polysaccharides | N.A. | Regulate insulin resistance | [48–51] |
|
G. elata | Vanillin | | Reduces insulin resistance | [52] |
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde | |
|
C. verum C. zeylanicum C. aromaticum | Cinnamaldehyde | | Regulate insulin resistance | [53] |
|
T. foenum-graecum | Diosgenin | | Reduces insulin resistance. | [54, 55] |
| Galactomannan | | Reduces insulin resistance | [55] |
| Trigoneoside Xa | | | |
| Trigoneoside Xb | | | |
| Trigoneoside XIb | | | |
| Trigoneoside XIIa | | | |
| Trigoneoside XIIb | | | |
| Trigoneoside XIIIa | | | |
| Trigoneoside Ia | | | |
| Trigoneoside Ib | | | |
| Trigoneoside Va | | | |
| 4-hydroxyisoleucine | | | |
|
L. chinensis | Oligonol (mixture of compounds) | N.A. | Regulate insulin resistance | [56–58] |
|
C. papaya P. amaryllifolius | Flavonoids, alkaloids, saponin, and tannins | N.A. | Regulate β-cell function | [59] |
|
T. divaricate E. microphylla | Conophylline | | Regulate β-cell function | [60–63] |
|
A. roxburghii | Kinsenoside | | Regulate β-cell function | [64] |
|
N. stellata | Nymphayol | | Regulate β-cell function | [65] |
|
S. marianum | Silybin | | Regulate β-cell function | [66–74] |
| Silydianin | | | |
| Silychristin | | | |
|
B. pilosa | 3-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1-hydroxy-6(E)-tetradecene-8,10,12-triyne | |
Regulate β-cell function |
[75, 76] |
| 2-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-1-hydroxy-5(E)-tridecene-7,9,11-triyne | |
| 2-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-1-hydroxytrideca-5,7,9,11-tetrayne (cytopiloyne) | | Regulates β-cell function | [53] |
|
G. sylvestre | No reported active compounds | N.A. | Regulate β-cell function | [77–79] |
|
Dietary fibers from the roots of A. tequilana, Dasylirion spp. and so forth | Inulin/Raftilose | | Regulate GLP-1 homeostasis | [80–82] |
|
Olive oil | Monounsaturated fatty acids | N.A. | Regulate GLP-1 homeostasis | [83–86] |
|
C. tinctorius | Serotonin derivatives | | Regulate glucose absorption in the guts | [87] |
|
L. japonica | Butyl-isobutyl-phthalate | | Regulate glucose absorption in the guts | [88] |
|
B. vulgaris | Berberine | | Regulate two or more pathways (lower hyperglycemia, increase insulin resistance, pancreatic β-cell regeneration, and decrease lipid peroxidation) | [89–94] |
|
M. charantia | Momordicin | | Regulate two or more pathways (lower blood glucose due to their insulin-like chemical structures) | [38] |
|
Capsicum plants | Capsaicin | | Regulate two or more pathways (regulation of insulin resistance and probably β cells) | [95, 96] |
|
P. ginseng | Ginsenoside Rb1 Ginsenoside Rb2 Ginsenoside Rc Ginsenoside Rd Ginsenoside Re Ginsenoside Rf Ginsenoside Rg1 | | Regulate two or more pathways (regulate β-cell function, improvement of insulin resistance) | [97, 98] |
C. longa | Curcumin | | Regulate two or more pathways (regulation of insulin resistance and β-cell function) | [99] |
Turmerin | | [100] |
|
I. paraguariensis | 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid | | Regulate two or more pathways (augmentation of GLP-1 production) | [101] |
Matesaponin 2 | |
| | | | |
Z. officinale | Gingerol | | Regulate two or more pathways (islet cell protection and increased insulin receptor signaling) | [102] |
Shogaol | | Unclear but can elevate glucose uptake in response to insulin in muscles and adipose cells | [103] |
|
C. sinensis | Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) | | Regulate two or more pathways (islet protection, increase in insulin secretion, decrease in insulin tolerance, decrease in gluconeogenesis and insulin-mimetic action) | [104–106] |
|
I. okamurae | Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol | | Regulate two or more pathways (α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor) | [107] |
|
G. max | Genistein | | Regulate two or more pathways (preserves islet mass, activates protein kinase A (PKA) and extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2, activates AMPK, and reduces insulin sensitivity) | [95, 108–111] |
| Glyceollin I | | | |
| Glyceollin II | | Regulate two or more pathways (enhance GLP-1 secretion, improve insulin secretion, regulate β-cell function) | [112] |
| Glyceollin III | | | |
| | | | |
A. linearis | Aspalathin | | Regulate two or more pathways (insulin tolerance, β-cell function, and inhibition of α-glucosidase) | [113, 114] |
Rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) | | [114–117] |
|
A. vera | Aloeresin A | | Regulate two or more pathways (suppression of α-glucosidase activity (gut glucose absorption) and insulin resistance) | [118] |
|
Commonly found in plants, vegetables, and fruits | Quercetin | | Regulate glucose absorption in guts. | [119, 120] |
|
Commonly found in plants and fruits | Resveratrol | | Regulate two or more pathways (activates AMPK and downstream molecules, prevents cell death of pancreatic β cells, and activates SIRT1) | [121–125] |
|
Coffee | Quinides (e.g. (1R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-diferuloyl-1,5-quinide)* | | Regulate two or more pathways | [126, 127] |
|