The Effect of Live Spontaneous Harp Music on Patients in the Intensive Care Unit

Table 2

Experimental parameters for music group pre- and postharp session.

Parameter	𝑁^1	Preharp session (SD)	Postharp session (SD)	𝑃 value
Respiration rate (br/min)	48	19.8 (6.0)	19.4 (5.9)	NS
Oxygen saturation (%)	49	95.8 (4.7)	96.20 (4.3)	NS
Systolic BP (mmHg)	50	112.0 (23.3)	113.3 (22.8)	NS
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	50	62.1 (16.0)	61.2 (13.7)	NS
Heart rate (bpm)	50	84.4 (16.6)	83.0 (16.1)	NS
SDRR2^2 (ms)	23	37.4 (28.3)	33.7 (28.5)	NS
RMSSD^3 (ms)	23	48.3 (43.7)	42.2 (40.4)	NS
Pain (0–10)	39	3.0 (3.3)	2.2 (2.7)	0.005

1Values of 𝑁 for HRV (SDRR and RMSSD) are less than 50 as some data could not be analyzed due to arrhythmias and anomalies. Values of 𝑁 for pain are reduced due to inability for some patients to self-report pain.
2SDRR: standard deviation of the RR interval in the HRV monitoring.
3RMSSD: the root means square of successive differences of the RR interval.