Effects of Qigong Exercise on Fatigue, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome-Like Illness: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Table 2
Within-group and between-group comparisons for Chalder Fatigue Scale, anxiety, and depression at T0 and T1 () using repeated measures ANOVA.
Within-group effects
Between-group effects
Baseline (T0) a
Post-intervention (T1)b
T1-T0
Time × group
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
Effect Size (d)
Mean (SD)
P
Total fatigue score
13.888
.000
Intervention group ()
39.7 (6.6)
26.6 (13.6)
<0.001
−1.2
−13.1 (11.7)
Control group ()
39.8 (6.3)
33.2 (9.6)
<0.001
−0.8
−6.6 (8.3)
Physical fatigue score
20.852
.000
Intervention group ()
24.7 (4.0)
15.9 (8.0)
<0.001
−1.4
−8.8 (7.3)
Control group ()
24.6 (3.7)
20.8 (5.7)
<0.001
−0.8
−3.8 (5.0)
Mental fatigue score
3.902
.050
Intervention group ()
15.0 (3.8)
10.6 (6.1)
<0.001
−0.9
−4.3 (5.3)
Control group ()
15.2 (3.9)
12.4 (4.9)
<0.001
−0.6
−2.7 (3.9)
Anxiety score
0.302
.584
Intervention group ()
11.0 (2.1)
8.7 (3.2)
<0.001
−1.1
−2.3 (3.9)
Control group ()
10.9 (2.4)
9.0 (4.0)
0.006
−0.6
−1.9 (5.4)
Depression score
9.918
.002
Intervention group ()
9.1 (2.0)
7.7 (3.2)
<0.001
−0.5
−1.3 (2.7)
Control group ()
9.4 (2.2)
9.8 (4.1)
0.365
0.1
0.4 (3.7)
aCompared with control group using independent -test, bCompared with baseline using pairwise -test.
