The Primo Vascular Structures Alongside Nervous System: Its Discovery and Functional Limitation

Table 1

Primo nodes and vessels in the surroundings of the peripheral and central nervous system.

Areas	Species and sites	Dyes
3rd or 4th ventricles	Rat [3, 4]; rabbit [5, 6]	Fluorescent nanoparticles, hematoxylin, Acridine orange, propidium iodide, DiI, Perchlorate, DAPI, and yoyo1
Central canal of the spinal cord	Rabbit [5, 6]	Hematoxylin, Acridine orange, propidium iodide, DiI, Perchlorate, DAPI, and yoyo1
Subarachnoid space	Rat [3] and pig [7] spinal cords; rat brain [4]	Fluorescent nanoparticles, DAPI, and Phalloidin
Venous sinus	Rat cerebrum [8]	Chromium hematoxylin and DAPI
Surroundings of the brain	Rat cerebrum [9], pineal body [9], and spinal cord [4, 9]; rat [4, 9] and rabbit [10] cerebellums	Alcian blue, DAPI, trypan blue, Phalloidin, and DAPI
Surroundings of the peripheral nerve	Epineurium, perineurium, or endoneurium in rat sciatic nerve [4, 11]	Fluorescent nanoparticles and DAPI

Technical notes for dyes: DAPI, for nuclei; Phalloidin, for nuclei and F-actin; Acridine orange, for DNA particles; Propidium iodide, for nucleus and F-actin; DiI, for membrane phospholipid; Perchlorate, for microparticles inside the nerve primo vessel; Fluorescent nanoparticles, cobalt-ferrite embedded in silica shells with rhodamine B as a contrast agent during MRI.