Validation of the Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Effects of Hawthorn by Assessment of Gluconeogenesis and Lipogenesis Related Genes and AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphorylation

Table 4

Semiquantitive RT-PCR analysis for mRNA expression in liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle.

Parameter	CON	HF	HF + K1	HF + K2	HF + K3	HF + Rosi
	—	—	0.2^a	0.5^a	1.0^a	0.01^a
Liver
PPARα	2.19 ± 0.69	1.60 ± 0.17	2.08 ± 0.43	2.38 ± 0.25	3.82 ± 0.75*	—
White adipose tissue
PPARγ	0.40 ± 0.09	0.42 ± 0.07	1.32 ± 0.67	3.45 ± 2.63	5.23 ± 2.28*	5.99 ± 0.82***
Skeletal muscle
GLUT4	0.40 ± 0.10	0.20 ± 0.06^#	0.63 ± 0.17***	0.86 ± 0.14***	0.99 ± 0.03***	1.09 ± 0.03***

All values are means ± S.E. (𝑛=9). ^#𝑃<0.05, compared with the control (CON) group; *𝑃<0.05, **𝑃<0.01, ***𝑃<0.001 compared with the high-fat + vehicle (distilled water) (HF) group. Total RNA (1 μg) isolated from tissue was reverse-transcribed by MMLV-RT; 10 μL of RT products was used as templates for PCR. Signals were quantitated by image analysis; each value was normalized by GAPDH. K1, K2, K3, extracts of hawthorn.
^aDose (g/kg/day).