A Review of the Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Raphani Semen

Table 3

Constituents of fatty acids in Raphani Semen.

Major fatty acids (chemical names) and their chemical structures		Molecular formulae	Contents; (%/g, dried seeds) [47–51]	Pharmacological effects
Erucic acid; (cis-13-docosenoic acid)		C22H42O2	10.20–13.27	N/A
Oleic acid; (cis-9-octadecenoic acid)		C18H34O2	7.62–1.22	Anticancer effect via targeting at telomerase inhibitor [58]
Linoleic acid; 𝛼-Linolenic acid; (9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid)	𝛾-Linolenic acid; (6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid)	C18H32O2	3.30–5.17	Effective on atherosclerosis induced by cholesterol-rich diet [59],; Control blood-lipid levels of patients with hyperlipidemia [60]
Eicosenoic acid*		C20H38O2	3.08–3.99	N/A
Palmitic acid; (hexadecanoic acid)		C16H32O2	1.86–2.24	N/A
Stearic acid; (octadecanoic acid)		C18H36O2	0.65–0.97	Lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level [61]
Nervonic acid; (cis-15-tetracosanoic acid)		C24H46O2	0.45–0.74	Serving as a dietary therapy in demyelinating diseases [62],; Preventive effects on obesity-related metabolic disorders [63]
Myristic acid; (tetradecanoic acid)		C14H28O2	Trace	Prevention of testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia in rats [64]
Arachidic acid; (eicosanoic acid)		C20H40O2	Trace	N/A
Eicosadienoic acid; (11,14-eicosadienoic acid)		C20H36O2	Trace	N/A
Behenic acid; (docosanoic acid)		C22H44O2	Trace	N/A
Lignoceric acid; (tetracosanoic acid)		C24H48O2	Trace	Activation of NADPH oxidase in human dermal fibroblasts [65]
Palmitoleic acid; (cis-9-hexadecenoic acid)		C16H30O2	Trace	Reduction of insulin resistance and hepatic lipid accumulation by chronic administration [66]

∗One of the representative structures of the chemical.
N/A; not applicable.