Recent Progress of Propolis for Its Biological and Chemical Compositions and Its Botanical Origin

Table 4

Propolis of different geographic regions and their principal plants’ sources of chemical compounds (from Bankova, 2005).

Geographic origin	Plant source	References
Bulgaria	Populus nigra, P. italic	[16, 50, 63]
Albania	Populus nigra	[63]
Bulgaria	Populus tremula	[16]
Mongolia	Populus suaveolens	[16, 63]
USA (mainland)	Populus fremontii	[16]
USA (Hawaiian islands)	Plumeria acuminate, Plumeria acutifolia	[16]
United Kingdom	Populus euramericana	[16]
Hungary	Betula, Populus, Pinus, Prunus, and Acacia spp.; Aesculus hypocastane	[16]
Poland	Betula, Alnus spp.	[16]
Equatorial regions	Delchampia spp.	[16]
Equatorial regions	Clusia spp.	[16, 64]
Australia	Xanthorrhoea	[2]
North temperate zone	Poplar, birch, elm, alder, beech, conifer, and horse chestnut	[2]
Europe, North America, nontropic regions of Asia (poplar propolis)	Populus spp. of section Aigeiros, most often P. nigra L.	[1, 34, 65]
Russia (birch propolis)	Betula verrucosa Ehrh.	[66]
Brazil (green-alecrim-propolis)	Baccharis spp. Predominantly B. dracunculifolia DC.	[14, 67]
Cuba, Venezuela	Clusia minor	[16, 68–70]
	Clusia spp.
South Brazil (type 3), Argentine, and Uruguay	Populus alba	[71]
Brazil (type 6 from northeastern Brazil)	Hyptis divaricate	[14]
Brazil (type 13 from northeastern Brazil)	Dalbergia ecastaphyllum	[17, 42]