Does Oral Ingestion of Piper sarmentosum Cause Toxicity in Experimental Animals?

Table 4

Table showing changes in the serum renal biochemical profile of rats throughout the experimental period.

			Piper sarmentosum aqueous extract (mg/kg)
	Control		50		300		2000
	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
Male
Urea (mmol/L)	6.7±0.5	7.6±0.3	5.2±0.1	7.2±0.5^#	5.8±0.2	7.8±0.5^#	5.4±0.5	6.2±0.2^𝛽
Creatinine (µmol/L)	24.7±4.9	26.7±1.2	46.7±0.8^∗𝛽	28.2±1.2^#	30.5±6.0	32.0±1.4	22.3±1.1	33.2±1.6
Uric acid (mmol/L)	0.05±0	0.08±0	0.06±0.01	0.08±0.01	0.07±0.01	0.09±0.02	0.03±0	0.12±0.03
Sodium (mmol/L)	140.8±0.5	139.5±0.7	139.8±0.5	141.3±0.3	140.2±0.8	141.2±0.8	140.7±0.4	140.8±0.4
Potassium (mmol/L)	4.5±0.1	6.3±0.3^#	5.2±0.2	5.8±0.3	5.2±0.3	6.2±0.2^#	4.2±0.1^𝛽	6.5±0.2^#
Chloride (mmol/L)	98.8±0.7	97.5±0.2	101.3±0.6^∗	100.3±0.4	99.7±0.4	99.3±0.9	99.5±0.3	99.8±0.6
Female
Urea (mmol/L)	6.6±0.2	8.0±0.4	7.6±0.2	8.2±0.3	6.1±0.3^𝛽	6.8±0.1^𝛽	7.0±0.4	7.7±0.3
Creatinine (µmol/L)	32.5±3.7	28.5±1.7	39.7±1.4^∗𝛽	30.2±1.0^#	33.8±1.4	31.8±2.3	33.2±2.0	31.3±0.8
Uric acid (mmol/L)	0.10±0.01	0.08±0.01	0.09±0.01	0.08±0.01	0.07±0.01	0.11±0.02	0.04±0.01	0.09±0.01
Sodium (mmol/L)	141.2±1.0	142.5±0.7	140.2±0.9	138.2±0.5	138.0±0.9	141.0±0.9	139.5±1.0	142.5±0.5
Potassium (mmol/L)	4.9±0.3	5.5±0.1	4.8±5.9	5.9±0.2^#	4.7±0.2	5.3±0.1	4.2±0.2	5.6±0.3^#
Chloride (mmol/L)	102.2±1.1	99.0±1.3	101.0±0.7	100.7±0.8	99.4±0.4	101.1±1.0	98.5±0.7	101.3±0.9

Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. *𝑃 value < 0.05 is significant compared to control group; ^#𝑃 value < 0.05 is significant compared to baseline value; ^β𝑃 value < 0.05 is significant compared to other groups.