Possible blinding and clinical effectiveness interpretations
Trials number (%)
Random guess
Random guess
Ideal, possibly most ideal from the scientific or statistical perspective
8 (15)
Random guess
Opposite guess
Rare
2 (4)
Random guess
Unblinded
Possibly little treatment effect and completely no effect in control arm
3 (6)
Unblinded
Unblinded
Possibly problematic. Treatment effect in experimental arm and no treatment effect in control arm (e.g., patients tend to know what to expect)
4 (7)
Unblinded
Opposite guess
Ideal (e.g., patients tend to have wishful thinking, strong placebo effect, and any treatment administered is perceived as real treatment)
25 (46)
Unblinded
Random guess
Possibly problematic. Treatment effect in experimental arm and no treatment effect in control arm (e.g., patients do not know what to expect in the absence of treatment)
12 (22)
Opposite guess
Opposite guess
Rare
0 (0)
Opposite guess
Random guess
Rare
0 (0)
Opposite guess
Unblinded
No treatment effect at all; patients may have low expectations