Polyphenols Isolated from Propolis Augment TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis in Cancer Cells

Table 1

The mechanism by which the polyphenols identified in propolis sensitize TRAIL-resistant cancer cells.

Compounds from propolis	Class of polyphenols	Targets	Cell lines	References
Artepillin C	Cinnamic acid derivative	↑ TRAIL-R2; ↑ caspase-8; ↑ caspase-3	Prostate cancer LNCaP	[68]
Chrysin	Flavone	↑ TRAIL-R2; ↓ FLIP; ↑ caspase-8; ↑ caspase-3	Breast cancer MDA-MB-231; Colon cancer HT-29; Hepatocellular cancer HepG2; Melanoma SK-MEL-37; Pancreatic cancer Capan-1; Nasopharyngeal cancer CNE1	[69, 70]
Apigenin	Flavone	↑ TRAIL-R2; ↓ FLIP; ↑ Bid cleavage; ↑ caspase-8; ↑ caspase-10; ↑ caspase-9; ↑ caspase-3	Breast cancer MDA-MB-231; Colon cancer HT-29; Hepatocellular cancer HepG2; Melanoma SK-MEL-37; Pancreatic cancer Capan-1; Leukemia Jurkat; Prostate cancer DU145; Colon cancer DLD-1	[69, 71]
Naringenin	Flavanone	↑ TRAIL-R2; ↑ Bid cleavage; ↑ loss of MMP	Lung cancer A549	[72]
Daidzein	Isoflavone	↑ loss of MMP; ↑ caspase-9; ↓ Bcl-2	Prostate cancer LNCaP; Glioma LN229	[73–76]
Biochanin A	Isoflavone	↑ TRAIL-R2; ↑ loss of MMP	Prostate cancer LNCaP; Prostate cancer DU145	[77]
Kaempferol	Flavanol	↑ TRAIL-R1; ↑ TRAIL-R2; ↑ caspase-8; ↑ caspase-10; ↑ caspase-9; ↑ caspase-3; ↓ Akt; ↓ survivin; ↓ XIAP; ↓ Bcl-2; ↓ Bcl-xL; ↓ Mcl-1	Colon cancer SW-480; Glioma U251; Glioma U87	[78, 79]
Quercetin	Flavanol	↑ TRAIL-R1; ↑ TRAIL-R2; ↓ FLIP; ↑ Bid cleavage; ↓ Mcl-1; ↑ cytochrome 𝑐 release; ↓ Akt; ↓ survivin; ↑ caspase-8; ↑ caspase-9; ↑ caspase-3	Hepatocellular cancer HepG2; Hepatocellular cancer SK-Hep; Hepatocellular cancer SNU-387; Hepatocellular cancer SNU-423; Hepatocellular cancer SNU-449; Hepatocellular cancer SNU-475; Colon cancer HT-29; Colon cancer SW-620; Colon cancer Caco-2; Glioma U87-MG; Glioma U251; Glioma A172; Glioma LN229; Prostate cancer LNCaP; Prostate cancer DU145; Prostate cancer PC3; Lung cancer H460; Lung cancer H2009; Lung cancer H1299; Lung cancer A549	[80–87]
			Lymphoma B VAL; Lymphoma B RL; Lymphoma B SUDHL4
Isoliquiritigenin	Chalcone	↑ TRAIL-R2	Colon cancer HT-29	[88]