Proanthocyanidin Attenuation of Oxidative Stress and NF-κB Protects Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice against Diabetic Nephropathy

Table 2

Oxidant/antioxidant parameters as well as concentration of carboxymethyl lysine (CML) in rat retinas.

	Control	Control + PA	Diabetic	Diabetic + PA
MDA, nmol/mg protein	2.45±0.16	2.95±0.15^b	4.75±0.17^a	2.95±0.15^b
GST, nmol substrat·mg protein^−1·min^−1	176±31	151±9^a,b	82±13^a	151±9^a,b
GSH-Px, nmol substrat·mg protein^−1·min^−1	0.92±0.17	0.82±.165^b	0.34±0.09^a	0.82±.165^b
Catalase, IU·mg protein^−1	2.61±0.032	1.45±0.21^a,b	0.52±0.03^a	1.45±0.21^a,b
SOD, nmol substrat·mg protein^−1·min^−1	3.53±0.45	2.95±0.75^b	1.82±0.35^a	2.95±0.75^b
GSH, nmol/mg protein	16±3	16±2.3	16.11±2	16±2.3
CML, pg/mg protein	3.54±0.22	3.2±0.6^b	8.81±0.34^a	3.2±0.6^b

Oxidative stress markers in the kidney homogenate of apoE−/mice. Mice treated either with or without STZ in presence or absence of PA. PA treatment was continued for 12 weeks after the onset of diabetes. Data shown represent mean ± SEM. ^a,bSignificance difference between groups.